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fe  Ctinc&  Commerce 
Committee 

of  Housing  Halus; 
in  tfje  ^[niteb  States!  anb  Canaba 


Housing  Laws 

A  Summary  of  the 

More  Important  Provisions 

in 

City  and  State  Codes 


Prepared  for  the  Housing  Committee 
of  the 

Minneapolis  Civic  &  Commerce  Association 

1914 

Printed  by  Request 

Price    75  Cts 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


I.  LAWS  AND  DEFINITIONS  Page 

POPULATION — LAWS  REGULATING  TENEMENT  HOUSES 9 

DEFINITION  OF  TENEMENT  HOUSE 12 

II.  FIRE  PROVISIONS 

FIREPROOF  TENEMENTS   15 

WOODEN   TENEMENTS    17 

FIRE  ESCAPES — DETAILS  OF   CONSTRUCTION 20 

ENCUMBRANCE  OF  FIRE  ESCAPES 24 

ACCESS  TO  YARDS  25 

NUMBER  OF  STAIRS   26 

CLOSETS  UNDER  STAIRS  29 

WINDING  STAIRS    30 

CELLAR   STAIRS   31 

CELLAR  ENTRANCE  33 

FIREPROOF    STAIRS    34 

HALL  AND  STAIR  PARTITIONS 35 

SHAFTS    37 

BAKERIES  AND  DANGEROUS  BUSINESSES 39 

III.  LIGHT  AND  VENTILATION 

GENERAL  PROVISIONS  42 

HEIGHT  OF  TENEMENTS   45 

MAXIMUM  WIDTH  OF  LOT  TREATED  AS  CORNER  LOT 47 

PERCENTAGE  OF  LOT  TO  BE  OCCUPIED 48 

YARDS    51 

COURTS,  OUTER  LOT  LINE 56 

COURTS,  INNER  EOT  LINE 59 

COURTS,  INNER   62 

INTAKES    66 

COURTS,  OUTER  68 

REAR  TENEMENTS    71 

BUILDINGS  ON   SAME  LOT 73 

SPACE  BETWEEN  BUILDINGS  ON  ADJOINING  LOTS 75 

AIR  AND  VENT  SHAFTS 76 

ROOMS — AREA    78 

ROOMS — AREA  OF  WATER-CLOSET 80 

ROOMS — HEIGHT     81 

ROOMS — WINDOW  AREA  83 

ROOMS— WINDOW  AREA  OF  WATER-CLOSET 85 

ROOMS— ALCOVE    87 

HALLS— LIGHTING  AND   VENTILATING 89 

HALLS— WINDOW  AREA   92 


IV.  SANITARY  PROVISIONS 

HABITABLE  ROOMS   94 

CELLARS  AND  BASEMENTS,  CONDITIONS  OF  OCCUPANCY 95 

CELLAR  FLOORS   98 

WATER  SUPPLY 99 

WATER-CLOSET  ACCOMMODATIONS   101 

OVERCROWDING — CUBIC  A^R  SPACE 104 

CLEANLINESS  OF  BUILDINGS 106 

WHITEWASHING  OF  WALLS 108 

DRAINAGE  OF  COURT  AREAS  AND  YARDS 110 

SEWER  CONNECTIONS  112 

ASHES  AND  GARBAGE 114 

JANITOR   116 

V.  REQUIREMENTS  AND  REMEDIES 

VACATION  OF  BUILDINGS 117 

UNLAWFUL  OCCUPANCY  118 

APPROVAL  OF  PLANS 119 

CERTIFICATE  OF  APPROVAL 121 

REGISTRATION  OF  TENEMENTS 122 

PENALTIES    124 

ADMINISTRATION  AND  ENFORCEMENTS.  .  .  126 


PREFACE. 

THE  following  summary  of  important  provisions  con- 
tained in  various  tenement  house  laws,  housing 
codes,  and  city  ordinances  was  prepared  for  the  use 
of  the  Housing  Committee  of  the  Minneapolis  Civic  &  Com- 
merce Association  in  its  efforts  to  prepare  and  secure  the  pas- 
sage of  a  new  Housing  Code. 

In  order  to  have  each  summary  as  nearly  correct  as  pos- 
sible, it  was  sent  after  preparation  to  the  building  inspector  or 
some  other  responsible  person  in  the  city  or  state  in  question, 
with  the  request  that  it  be  carefully  reviewed  and  corrected 
wherever  necessary.  All  the  laws  relating  to  tenements  were 
checked  up  in  this  way  with  the  exception  of  those  relating 
to  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana.  The  summaries  covering  reg- 
ulations affecting  dwelling  houses  (marked  with  a  star  [*] 
where  similar  to  tenement  requirements  and  with  a  dagger  [f] 
where  relating  to  private  dwellings  only)  were  not  submitted 
for  correction  and  may  contain  errors ;  neither  is  it  certain  that 
they  are  complete  and  entirely  up  to  date.  The  regulation  of 
private  dwellings  is  comparatively  new,  and  the  laws  are  some- 
times difficult  to  locate. 

The  laws  relating  to  Cleveland,  Denver,  Kansas  City, 
Portland,  and  St.  Louis  are  not  included  because  at  the  time 
this  summary  was  made,  these  cities  were  in  the  process  of 
revising  their  laws. 

Where  cities  are  known  to  have  passed  ordinances  pro- 
viding for  higher  standards  than  those  in  state  codes,  these 
changes  have  been  noted  under  their  proper  headings ;  other- 
wise, the  provisions  relating  to  cities  governed  by  state 
codes  are  to  be  found  under  the  heading  of  the  state  in  which 
the  city  is  located. 

The  expense  of  preparing  the  summaries  has  been  so  great 
that  the  Housing  Committee  did  not  feel  justified  in  going  to 
the  additional  expense  of  printing  solely  for  its  own  use.  How- 
ever, so  many  requests  for  the  summaries  have  been  received 
that  it  has  been  decided  to  print  and  make  a  small  charge  to 
cover  the  cost. 


Paragraphs  marked  with  a  star  (*)  apply  to 
both  tenement  houses  and  private  dwellings. 
Paragraphs  marked  with  a  dagger  (f)  apply  to 
private  dwellings  only. 


I. 

Laws  and  Definitions. 


City  Population 

Model  Law 


Baltimore 


558,485 


Boston  670,585 

Calgary,  Canada       43,704 


Chicago 

Cincinnati 
Columbus 
Detroit 
Duluth 

Grand  Rapids 
Louisville 

Milwaukee 

Minneapolis 
New  Orleans 


2,185,283 

363,591 

181,511 

465,766 

78,466 

112,571 
223,928 

373,857 

301,408 
339,075 


Laws    regulating   Tenement   and 

Private  Dwellings. 
By   Lawrence  Veiller,   Secretary, 
National     Housing     Association, 
105    East   22nd    St.,    New    York. 
Prepared    for    the    Russell    Sage 
Foundation,  1914. 
Building    code    adopted    July    6, 
1908,  with  amendments  to  April 
1,  1914. 

The    Building    Law,    1907,    with 
amendments  to  May  1,  1914. 
Building     Ordinances,     October, 

1912,  with  amendments  to  May  1, 
1914. 

Building  Ordinances,  Aug.  1,  1913. 
Sanitary   Code   to  Aug.    1,    1913, 
with  amendments  to  April  1,  1914. 
Building  Code,  1909,  and  amend- 
ments to  March,  1913. 
Housing  Code,  Mar.  7,  1911,  with 
amendments  to  April  1,  1914. 
Building  Code,  1911,  and  amend- 
ments to  April,  1914. 
Housing  Ordinance,  with  amend- 
ments to  April,  1914. 
Housing  Ordinance,  Feb.,  1914. 
Building  Ordinances,   1913,  with 
amendments  to  May  1,  1914. 
State  Law  of  the  Tenement  for 
1st  Class  cities,  March,  1912. 
Tenement  House  Ordinance,  Sept. 

1913,  with  amendments  to  April, 
1914. 

Building  Ordinances,   1911,  with 
amendments  to  June  1,  1914. 
Building  Laws,  with  amendments 
to  May,  1914. 
9 


Laws  and  Definitions. 


City  Population      Laws   regulating  Tenement    and 

Private  Dwellings. 

Pittsburgh  533,905      Manual    of    Building    Inspection, 

1909.  State  Law  of  Tenement  for 
1903.  State  Law  for  Plumbing 
and  Sanitation,  1911,  with  amend- 
ments to  April,  1914;  also  certain 
local  ordinances. 

Providence  224,326     Building    Laws,    Traffic,    Plumb- 

ing, etc.,  Ordinances,  State  Law, 
April,  1909,  with  amendments  to 
April,  1914. 

Building  Ordinance,  April,   1910, 
with  amendments  to  April,  1914. 
Building   Code,   July,    1913,   with 
amendments  to  April,  1914. 
General     Ordinance,     1905,    with 
amendments  to  Feb.,  1914. 
By-law   for   regulating   the   erec- 
tion and  safety  of  buildings,  April, 
1913,  with  amendments  to  May  1, 
1914. 

Building  Regulations,  Feb.,  1913. 
Plumbing  Code,  Aug.,  1913.  Act 
of  Congress  approved  March  19, 
1906,  and  June  1,  1910,  with 
amendments  to  April,  1914. 

State  Laws. 


St.  Paul  214,744 

Seattle  237,194 

Toledo  168,497 

Toronto,  Canada  376,538 

Washington,  D.  C.  331, 069 


State 


Population 


California — 

San  Francisco  416,912 
Los  Angeles  319,198 
Oakland  150,174 

All  other  incorporated 
cities  and  towns. 


Connecticut  — 
New  Haven 
Hartford 
Indiana  — 
Indianapolis 

133,605 
98,915 

233,650 

Laws   regulating   Tenement   and 
Private  Dwellings. 

Tenement  House  Act,  April,  1911, 
with  amendments  to  May,  1914. 


Tenement      House      Act,      with 
amendments  to  April,  1914. 

Indiana    Housing    Law,    Act    of 
1913. 
10 


Laws  and  Definitions. 


State  Population     Laws     regulating     Tenement     and 

Private  Dwellings. 


Massachusetts — 

Where  not  otherwise 
stated  applies  to  both 
city  and  town. 

New  Jersey — 

Newark  347,469 

Jersey  City  267,779 

Applies  to  entire  state. 

New  York— 

For  First  Class  Cities, 
New  York  4,766,883 
Rochester  218,149 

Buffalo  423,715 

New  York- 
Law   for   Second   Class 
Cities. 

Albany  100,253 

Schenectady  72,826 

Troy  76,813 

Utica  74,419 

Syracuse  137,249 

Yonkers  79,803 

Pennsylvania — 
First  Class  Cities, 
1,000,000  or  over. 
Philadelphia      1,549,008 

Pennsylvania — 

Second      Class      Cities, 
100,000  to  1,000,000. 
Pittsburgh  533,905 

Scranton  129,867 

V/isconsin — 

First  Class  Cities,  popu- 
lation of  150,000  or  over. 
Milwaukee  373,857 


City — State  Law  governing  Tene- 
ment Houses,  1913. 
Town  —  State     Law    governing 
Tenement  Houses,  1912. 

Tenement  House  Act,  1904,  with 
amendments  to  April,  1914. 


Tenement      House      Law,     with 
amendments  to  April  1st,  1914. 


Law  of  New  York,  May  31,  1913, 
with  amendments  to  April,  1914. 


Acts  of  Assembly,  June  7,  1895, 
and  June  7,  1907,  with  amend- 
ments to  May,  1914. 

See  Pittsburgh. 


Apartment,  Lodging,  Boarding, 
and  Tenement  House  Act,  1909 
Amendments  to  1914. 


11 


DEFINITION  OF  TENEMENT  HOUSE. 

Model  Law  provides  for  three  classes  of  dwellings:  (a)  pri- 
vate dwellings,  (b)  two-family  dwellings,  (c)  multiple  dwell- 
ings. 

(a)  A  "private  dwelling"  is  a  dwelling  occupied  by  but 
one  family  alone. 

(b)  A  "two-family  dwelling"  is  a  dwelling  occupied  by 
but  two  families  alone. 

(c)  A  "multiple  dwelling"  is  a  dwelling  occupied  other- 
wise than  as  a  private  dwelling  or  two-family  dwelling. 

All  multiple  dwellings  are  dwellings,  and  for  the  purposes 
of  this  act  are  divided  into  two  classes,  viz.,  Class  A  and 
Class  B. 

Class  A — Multiple  dwellings  of  Class  A  are  dwellings 
which  are  occupied  more  or  less  permanently  for  residence  pur- 
poses by  several  families  and  in  which  the  rooms  are  occupied 
in  apartments,  suites,  or  groups.  This  class  includes  tenement 
houses,  flats,  apartment  houses,  apartment  hotels,  bachelor 
apartments,  studio  apartments,  duplex  apartments,  kitchenette 
apartments,  and  all  other  dwellings  similarly  occupied  whether 
specifically  enumerated  herein  or  not. 

Class  B — Multiple  dwellings  of  Class  B  are  dwellings 
which  are  occupied,  as  a  rule,  transiently,  as  the  more  or  less 
temporary  abiding  place  of  individuals  who  are  lodged,  with  or 
without  meals,  and  in  which  as  a  rule  the  rooms  are  occupied 
singly.  This  class  includes  hotels,  lodging  houses,  boarding 
houses,  furnished-room  houses,  lodgings,  club  houses,  con- 
vents, asylums,  hospitals,  jails,  and  all  other  dwellings  simi- 
larly occupied  whether  specifically  enumerated  herein  or  not. 
Baltimore — Building  occupied  by  more  than  three  families  liv- 
ing independently  and  doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises  or 
by  more  than  two  families  on  a  floor  so  living  and  cooking. 

Boston — Building  occupied  by  more  than  three  families  living 
independently  and  doing  cooking  on  premises,  or  by  more  than 
two  families  living  above  the  first  story. 

Calgary,  Can. — An  "apartment  house"  is  any  building  with 
separate  housekeeping  apartments  for  three  or  more  families 
or  for  two  or  more  families  over  a  story  otherwise  occupied. 
Chicago — Any  house  or  building  or  portion  used  as  a  home  or 
residence  for  two  or  more  families  living  in  separate  apart- 
ments. 

Cincinnati — Building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families  hav- 
ing common  right  in  halls,  etc.,  living  independently  and  doing 
their  cooking  on  the  premises. 

12 


Definition  of  Tenement  House. 


Columbus — Building  occupied  by  two  or  more  families  living 
independently  but  having  common  right  in  halls,  etc.,  and 
doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises. 

Detroit — Building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families  (or  by 
two  families  when  a  portion  of  building  is  used  for  business 
purposes)  living  independently  and  having  common  rights  in 
the  halls,  etc. 

Duluth — Building  occupied  by  more  than  two  families  living 
independently  but  having  common  right  in  halls,  etc.,  and 
doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises. 

Grand  Rapids — Dwellings  which  are  occupied  more  or  less 
permanently  for  residence  purposes  by  several  families  and  in 
which  the  rooms  are  occupied  in  apartments,  suites,  or  groups. 
Louisville — Building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families  living 
independently,  but  having  common  right  in  halls,  etc.,  and 
doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises. 

Milwaukee — Building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families  liv- 
ing independently  and  having  a  common  right  in  halls,  etc.,  and 
doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises. 

Minneapolis — Any  building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families 
living  independently,  doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises,  or 
by  more  than  one  family  on  a  floor,  having  common  rights  to 
the  water  closets,  privies,  etc. 

New  Orleans — Building  occupied  by  more  than  three  families 
living  independently,  doing  their  cooking  upon  the  premises, 
or  by  two  families  so  living  above  the  first  story. 
Pittsburgh — Building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families  liv- 
ing in  separate  apartments  and  doing  their  cooking  on  the 
premises. 

Providence — Building  occupied  by  more  than  three  families 
living  independently  and  doing  their  cooking  upon  the  prem- 
ises, or  by  more  than  two  families  on  a  floor  having  common 
rights  to  halls,  etc. 

St.  Paul — Building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families  living 
independently  and  doing  cooking  upon  the  premises,  or  by 
more  than  two  families  upon  any  floor  so  living  and  cooking 
and  having  common  rights  in  halls,  etc. 

Seattle — Building  occupied  by  two  or  more  families  living  inde- 
pendently and  doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises,  each  having 
their  own  water  closet  and  having  common  rights  in  halls,  etc. 
Toledo — Building  occupied  by  more  than  one  family  on  a  floor, 
living  independently  and  doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises. 
Toronto — Any  building  which  has  three  or  more  suites  or  sets 
of  rooms  for  separate  occupation  by  one  or  more  persons. 

13 


Definition  of  Tenement  House. 


Washington,  D.  C. — Building  used  by  more  than  two  families 
living  separately  and  doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises. 

State  Laws. 

California — Building  over  one  story  occupied  by  four  or  more 
families  living  independently  and  doing  their  cooking  on  the 
premises,  or  by  three  families  so  living  and  having  a  common 
right  in  halls,  etc. 

Connecticut — Building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families  liv- 
ing independently,  doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises  and 
having  common  right  in  halls,  etc. 

Indiana — Any  building  occupied  by  two  or  more  families  living 
independently,  having  common  right  in  the  halls,  stairways, 
yards,  etc. 

Massachusetts — City — Building  occupied  by  two  or  more  fam- 
ilies living  independently,  but  having  common  right  in  halls, 
etc.,  and  doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises. 

Town — Building  occupied  by  more  than  two  families  liv- 
ing independently,  etc.,  as  above. 

New  Jersey — Building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families  liv- 
ing independently  and  doing  their  cooking  on  the  premises,  or 
by  more  than  two  families  on  any  floor  so  living  and  cooking, 
but  having  common  right  in  halls,  etc. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — A  "Tenement  House"  is  any 
house  or  building  or  portion  thereof,  which  is  either  rented, 
leased,  let,  or  hired  out,  to  be  occupied,  or  is  occupied,  in 
whole  or  in  part,  as  the  home  or  residence  of  three  families 
or  more  living  independently  of  each  other,  and  doing  their 
cooking  upon  the  premises,  and  includes  apartment  houses, 
flat  houses  and  all  other  houses  so  occupied. 
New  York — Second  Class  Cities — Building  occupied  by  three 
or  more  families,  more  or  less  permanently,  in  apartments, 
suites,  or  groups. 

Pennsylvania — Building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families,  or 
by  two  families  above  the  first  floor,  living  independently,  but 
having  common  right  in  halls,  etc.,  and  doing  their  cooking 
on  the  premises. 

Wisconsin — Any  building  occupied  by  three  or  more  families 
living  independently,  doing  cooking  on  the  premises,  and  hav- 
ing a  common  right  to  the  stairways,  yards,  and  water  closets. 


14 


II. 

Fire  Provisions. 

FIREPROOF  TENEMENTS. 

Model  Law — *No  part  of  any  dwelling  can  be  over  three 
stories  high  unless  entire  building  is  fireproof.  (Basement  is 
considered  a  story.) 

Baltimore — Tenement  more  than  five  stories  or  70  feet  in 
height  shall  be  fireproof.  First  story  of  non-fireproof  tene- 
ment three  stories  high  must  be  fireproof. 

Boston — Tenement  over  five  stories  in  height  or  exceeding  65 
feet  above  the  basement  or  covering  more  than  5,000  square 
feet  of  ground  shall  be  fireproof. 

Calgary — Tenement  more  than  three  stories  in  height  must  be 
fireproof. 

Chicago — Tenement  more  than  five  stories  and  basement  shall 
be  fireproof;  tenement  of  four  or  five  stories  shall  be  of  slow- 
burning  material,  and  cellar  and  first  floor  fireproof. 
Cincinnati — Any  building  over  five  stories  and  an  attic  must  be 
fireproof. 

Columbus — Tenement  over  three  stories  in  height  shall  be 
fireproof. 

Detroit — ^Building  over  eight  stories  or  100  feet  shall  be  fire- 
proof. 

Duluth — *Tenement  or  dwelling  over  three  stories  high  must 
be  fireproof. 

Grand  Rapids — Tenement  more  than  two  stories  in  height  or 
occupied  by  more  than  four  families  shall  be  fireproof. 

Louisville — Tenement  over  three  stories  and  basement  in 
height  must  be  fireproof. 

Milwaukee — Buildings  five  stories  or  more  above  the  cellar  or 
basement  must  be  fireproof. 

Minneapolis — Building  over  three  stories  must  be  fireproof. 
New  Orleans — Tenement  of  59  feet  in  height  must  be  fireproof. 
Pittsburgh — Tenement  four  stories  or  more  must  be  fireproof. 

Providence — Tenements  more  than  four  stories  in  height  in 
the  first  or  business  district,  or  more  than  65  feet  in  height  in 
the  second  district,  must  be  fireproof. 

15 


Fireproof  Tenements. 

St.  Paul — Tenement  more  than  three  stories  in  height  shall  be 
fireproof. 

Seattle — No  fireproof  tenement  shall  exceed  in  height  the 
width  of  the  widest  adjoining  street  plus  25  feet,  and  in  no 
case  125  feet. 

Toledo — All  buildings  100  feet  or  more  in  height  must  be 
fireproof. 

Toronto — Tenement  over  35  feet  in  height  shall  be  fireproof. 

Washington,  D.  C. — *Buildings  over  four  stories  or  more  than 
55  feet  high  must  be  fireproof. 

State  Laws. 

California — Tenement  over  six  stories  in  height  must  be  fire- 
proof. 

Connecticut — No  tenement  may  be  erected  over  four  stories  in 
height  without  an  elevator. 

Massachusetts — City — Tenement  over  four  stories  in  height 
shall  be  fireproof.  Tenement  more  than  two  and  one-half 
stories,  or  for  more  than  two  families,  must  have  exterior  and 
party  walls  fireproof. 

Town — Tenement  over  two  and  one-half  stories   or  for 
more  than  two  families  must  be  fireproof. 

New  Jersey — Tenement  six  stories  or  more  in  height  must  be 
fireproof. 

Newark — All  buildings  over  65  feet  in  height  must  be  fire- 
proof. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Tenement  over  six  stories  or 
parts  of  stories  in  height  above  curb  level  must  be  fireproof. 
A  cellar  not  more  than  two  feet  above  curb  level  at  center  of 
facade  is  not  considered  a  story.  First  tier  of  beam  is  required 
to  be  fireproof  in  all  non-fireproof  buildings  over  four  stories 
in  height. 

Second  Class  Cities — Tenement  over  four  stories  and  base- 
ment or  cellar  in  height  must  be  fireproof. 

Pennsylvania — Tenement  houses  more  than  four  stories  in 
height  must  be  fireproof. 

Wisconsin — Tenement  five  stories  or  more  above  the  cellar  or 
basement  shall  be  fireproof. 


16 


WOODEN  TENEMENTS. 

Model  Law — Prohibited. 

Baltimore — No  wooden  tenement  shall  be  made  for  occupancy 

by  more  than  six  families. 

Boston — No  wooden  building  shall  be  more  than  three  stories 

nor  more  than  40  feet  in  height  above  the  first  floor  line,  nor 

2,200  square  feet  in  area. 

Calgary — Erection  of  wooden  tenements  prohibited.  Wooden 
buildings  cannot  be  converted  into  tenements  if  they  exceed 
two^stories  in  height  exclusive  of  basement  or  36  feet-  in  height, 
or  $e  wider  than  30  feet  or  deeper  than  60  feet  unless  the 
interior  be  subdivided  by  fireproof  walls  to  that  size,  f  Private 
dwellings  shall  not  be  more  than  36  feet  in  height. 

Chicago — ^Forbidden  inside  fire  limits.  Outside  of  fire  limits 
a  wooden  tenement  shall  not  exceed  45  feet  in  height,  and 
above  the  second  story  it  must  not  be  occupied  as  a  separated 
living  apartment. 

Cincinnati — No  frame  building  within  the  fire  limits  except 
temporary  one-story  building  and  buildings  not  over  12  feet 
in  height  with  walls  and  roof  covered  with  incombustible 
material. 

fWooden  dwellings  prohibited  within  the  fire  limits. 
Outside  the  fire  limits,  when  buildings  are  built  in  a  row,  the 
division  wall  separating  the  different  houses  must  be  built  of 
brick. 

Columbus — Wooden  tenements  more  than  two  stories  high  or 
for  more  than  two  families  prohibited. 

f  Dwelling  houses  built  in  the  form  of  double  houses  or 
terraces  or  attached  or  semi-detached  rows  shall  have  a  fire- 
proof wall  with  no  openings  therein  extending  from  the  base- 
ment floor  to  the  roof  and  separating  each  house  from  each 
adjoining  house,  except  that  this  does  not  apply  to  double 
frame  houses,  and  except  that  in  double  houses,  other  than 
frame,  such  wall  need  extend  only  to  the  top  of  the  attic 
joists. 

Detroit — *Wooden  tenement  or  dwelling  shall  not  exceed  30 
feet  in  height. 

Duluth — No  wooden  tenement  shall  be  over  two  stories  high. 
fDwelling  houses  built  in  the  form  of  double  houses  or 
terraces  or  attached  or  semi-detached  rows  shall  have  a  fire- 
proof wall  with  no  openings  therein  extending  from  the  base- 
ment floor  to  the  roof  and  separating  each  house  from  each 
adjoining  house,  except  that  this  does  not  apply  to  double 

17 


Wooden  Tenements. 

frame  houses  and  except  that  in  double  houses  other  than 
frame  such  wall  need  extend  only  to  the  top  of  the  attic  joists. 
Grand  Rapids — Prohibited. 
Louisville — Prohibited  within  the  fire  limits. 

Milwaukee — No  wooden  tenement  shall  be  three  stories  or 
over. 

Minneapolis — There  shall  be  no  non-fireproof  building  over 
one  story  in  the  fire  zone.  The  walls  of  every  tenement  within 
the  fire  limits  shall  be  fireproof. 

New  Orleans — Outside  the  fire  limits,  no  wooden  tenement 
shall  exceed  two  stories  in  height  above  the  basement  nor 
4,000  square  feet  floor  area. 

Providence — Wooden  tenement  shall  not  exceed  35  feet  in 
height. 

St.  Paul — Wooden  tenement  shall  not  be  over  two  stories  in 

height. 

Seattle — Wooden  tenements  shall  not  exceed  an  average  of 

three  stories  or  30  feet  in  height  nor  four  stories  or  40  feet  in 

any  part. 

Toledo — Wooden  tenements  shall  not  be  more  than  45  feet  in 

height  nor  be  inside  the  fire  limits. 

Toronto — Tenements  shall  not  be  more  than  35  feet  high. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Tenements  shall  not  be  more  than  three 
stories  or  40  feet  in  height.  Prohibited  within  the  fire  limits. 
Tenement  three  stories  in  height  must  be  of  fireproof  con- 
struction up  to  and  including  the  first  floor. 

f  Wooden  dwellings  prohibited  within  fire  limits.  Outside 
the  fire  limits,  shall  not  exceed  three  stories  or  40  feet  in 
height. 

State  Laws. 

California — Tenements  shall  not  have  more  than  150  rooms, 
exclusive  of  bath  rooms,  nor  be  over  three  stories  and  base- 
ment (if  basement  is  not  occupied  as  a  dwelling). 
Connecticut — Tenement  shall  not  be  more  than  three  stories 
or  37  feet  in  height. 

Massachusetts — Tenement  shall  not  be  over  two  and  one-half 
stories,  and  cannot  be  used  for  housekeeping  above  second 
story. 

New  Jersey — Prohibited  within  fire  limits.  Outside  fire  limits, 
shall  not  be  over  three  stories  nor  more  than  40  feet  in  height, 

18 


Wooden  Tenements. 

or  accommodate  more  than  six  families,  or  two  families  to  a 

floor. 

New  York — First   Class   Cities — There   shall  be  no   wooden 

tenement  more  than  three  stories  high  or  for  more  than  three 

families.     (If  two  stories,  no  more  than  four  families,  or  two 

on  one  floor.)     Wooden  tenements  are  not  permitted  within 

the  fire  limits. 

Second  Class  Cities — *Prohibited. 

Pennsylvania — Prohibited  within  fire,  limits.    Tenements  more 
than  three  stories  prohibited  outside  fire  limits. 
Wisconsin — In  every  tenement  three  stories  or  more  in  height 
floor  of  first  story  above  cellar  must  be  fireproof. 


19 


FIRE  ESCAPES— DETAILS  OF  CONSTRUCTION. 

Model  Law — Every  tenement  over  one  story  in  height  shall 
have  two  independent  ways  of  egress  from  ground  floor  to 
roof  and  located  remote  from  each  other.  One  of  such  ways 
of  egress  shall  be  a  flight  of  stairs  three  feet  wide.  The  second 
way  of  egress  must  be  directly  accessible  to  each  apartment, 

froup,  or  suite  of  rooms,  without  having' to  pass  through  the 
rst  means  of  egress  and  shall  be  one  of  the  following: 

1.  Outside  balcony  fire  escape. 

2.  An  additional  flight  of  stairs  either  inside  or  outside. 

3.  Fire  tower  located  and  constructed  as  required  by  the 
Superintendent  of  Buildings. 

Details  of  construction  minutely  specified  in  the  law. 

Baltimore — Every  tenement  over  two  stories  must  have  one 
or  more  fire  escapes.  Every  tenement  over  three  stories  with 
two  or  more  apartments  on  a  floor  must  have  fire  escape  for 
each  vertical  series  of  apartments.  General  requirements  for 
construction  fixed  in  building  ordinance. 

Boston — If  tenement  is  more  than  three  stories,  it  must  have 
one  of  the  following:  (1)  Interior  enclosed  stairway;  (2) 
Exterior  iron  fire  escape ;  (3)  Balconies  connected  with  adjoin- 
ing houses  or  adjoining  parts  of  same  house,  separated  by  a 
brick  partition  wall,  balconies  to  be  three  feet  four  inches 
wide,  stairs  twenty  inches  wide. 

Calgary — Buildings  of  three  stories  or  more  must  have  suffi-. 
cient  fire  escapes  as  required  by  Superintendent  of  Buildings. 
Details  of  construction  partially  specified  and  left  to  Superin- 
tendent of  Buildings. 

Chicago — Every  tenement  four  or  more  stories  must  have-  fire 
escape  accessible  from  each  apartment.  Details  of  construc- 
tion as  required  by  state  statute  and  city  ordinance. 

Cincinnati — In  a  tenement  of  three  or  more  stories,  or  for 
three  or  more  families,  there  must  be  direct  access  to  a  fire 
escape  and  stairway,  or  to  two  stairways.  Details  partially 
specified  and  left  to  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Columbus — Every  tenement  must  have  sufficient  means  of 
egress  in  case  of  fire.  Must  be  approved  by  building  depart- 
ment. 

Detroit — -For  tenement  over  two  stories  in  height,  there  must 
be  one  fire  escape  from  second  floor  to  roof.  If  building  is 
occupied  by  more  than  300  above  the  first  floor,  two  fire 
escapes;  by  600,  three  fire  escapes;  by  900,  as  required  by 
department  of  buildings.  Details  of  construction  specified  in 
building  code. 

20 


Fire  Escapes — Details  of  Construction. 

Duluth — Every  tenement  must  have  sufficient  means  of  egress 
in  case  of  fire.  Must  be  approved  by  building  department. 

Grand  Rapids — Every  tenement  must  have  two  separate 
means  of  egress  from  ground  to  top  floor.  One  such  means  of 
egress  must  be  directly  accessible  to  each  apartment.  Must 
comply  with  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Michigan. 

Louisville — Every  tenement  over  two  stories  and  basement 
shall  have  as  many  fire  escapes  per  floor  as  ordered  by  build- 
ing department.  Every  tenement  over  three  stories  and  hav- 
ing apartments  for  two  or  more  families  on  one  floor  shall 
have  fire  escape  for  each  vertical  series  of  such  apartments. 
Must  be  of  iron  or  steel.  Details  of  construction  specified  in 
building  code. 

Minneapolis — Tenement  over  two  stories  must  have  one  non- 
combustible  ladder  or  stairway  for  each  20  persons  or  fraction 
above  the  first  story.  Tenements  three  stories  or  more  must 
have  metallic  fire  escapes  from  the  second  floor  to  the  roof  and 
on  the  outer  walls  in  such  location  and  numbers  as  the  Inspec- 
tor of  Buildings  and  the  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Fire  Depart- 
ment shall  deem  necessary.  When  exit  from  apartment  in 
fireproof  building  is  more  than  50  feet  from  outside  exit  of 
stairway  or  more  than  30  feet  in  non-fireproof  building,  it  shall 
have  iron  stairway.  Details  of  construction  specified  in  build- 
ing code. 

New  Orleans — Every  tenement  more  than  three  stories  in 
height  must  have  sufficient  means  of  egress  in  case  of  fire. 
Must  be  approved  by  city  engineer. 

Pittsburgh — Tenements  three  or  more  stories  in  height  shall 
have  permanent,  safe,  external  means  of  escape,  the  number 
and  location  of  such  escapes  to  be  governed  by  the  size  of  the 
building  and  the  number  of  its  inmates.     Buildings  with  over 
100  persons  shall  have  two  such  stairways.     Details  of  con- 
struction partially  specified  and  left  to  the  councils  of  cities. 
Providence — Every    tenement    shall    have    proper    means    of 
escape  in  case  of  fire,  approved  by  Building  Inspector. 
St.    Paul — Every    tenement    must   have    sufficient    means    of 
egress  in  case  of  fire.     Details  of  construction  must  be  ap- 
proved by  Commissioner  of  Public  Works. 
Seattle — Tenements  must  have  sufficient  means  of  egress  in 
case  of  fire.     Details  of  construction  minutely  specified  in  the 
law. 

Toledo — Every  tenement  must  have  two  independent  means 
of  egress  accessible  from  each  apartment.  If  over  three  stories 
one  escape  must  be  enclosed  in  fireproof  walls. 

21 


Fire  Escapes — Details  of  Construction. 

Toronto — Every  tenement  over  two  stories  high  shall  have 
proper  fire  escapes.  The  exit  from  the  building  to  the  fire 
escape  platform  shall  be  through  a  hall  or  corridor.  Plans 
must  be  approved  by  the  Building  Inspector  and  by  the  Chief 
of  Fire  Department. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Tenement  of  three  stories  or  over  30  feet 
in  height  must  have  one  or  more  fire  escapes  connected  with 
each  floor  as  commissioners  of  the  district  may  determine. 
Plans  of  proposed  buildings  must  be  given  to  Inspector  of 
Fire  Escapes  for  examination  as  to  the  number  of  escapes. 
Details  specified  in  building  code. 

State  Laws. 

California — Tenement  shall  have  metallic  fire  escape  con- 
structed as  city,  town  and  county  shall  direct.  Every  tene- 
ment more  than  two  stories  in  height  shall  have  two  fire 
escapes.  A  tenement  on  a  corner  lot  shall  have  a  fire  escape 
on  each  front.  Details  of  construction  left  to  building  depart- 
ment of  each  city. 

Connecticut — Tenements  with  more  than  two  families  shall 
have  more  than  one  means  of  egress  by  stairway  or  fire  escape 
accessible  from  each  room  above  the  first  story.  Such  stair- 
ways and  fire  escapes  shall  be  in  such  numbers  and  size  as  the 
officer  charged  with  the  enforcement  of  this  act  shall  require. 
Indiana — Every  tenement  three  or  more  stories  high  (exclusive 
of  cellar  or  basement),  unless  fireproof  or  provided  with  fire- 
proof outside  stairways  directly  accessible  to  each  apartment, 
shall  have  fire  escapes  at  each  story  12  feet  above  the  ground 
accessible  to  one  room  in  each  apartment.  Details  of  con- 
struction partially  specified  and  left  to  Inspector  'of  Buildings. 
Massachusetts — City — Tenement  over  two  and  one-half  stories 
must  have  fire  escape  connecting  directly  with  each  apart- 
ment. Details  specified  in  building  code. 

Town — When  building  does  not  have  sufficient  means  of 
egress,  Building  Inspector  shall  order  as  many  fire  escapes  as 
are  necessary.  Details  specified  in  code. 

New  Jersey — Every  non-fireproof  tenement  over  three  stories 
high  must  have  outside  fireproof  stairs  or  fire  escapes.  Fire 
escapes  must  be  accessible  from  one  room  in  each  apartment. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Every  non-fireproof  tenement 
must  have  sufficient  means  of  egress  in  case  of  fire.  Every 
tenement  house  over  one  story  in  height  shall  have  at  least  two 
independent  ways  of  egress  which  shall  extend  from  the 

22 


Fire  Escapes — Details  of  Construction. 


ground  floor  to  the  roof;  shall  be  located  remote  from  each 
other;  access  to  second  way  shall  be  had  directly  from  each 
apartment  without  passing  through  the  first  way  of  egress. 
Details  of  construction  must  be  in  conformity  with  building 
code. 

Second  Class  Cities — Every  tenement  must  have  two  in- 
dependent means  of  egress  from  ground  to  top  floor.  One  of 
these  may  be  an  outside  stairway  or  wooden  balcony  not  over 
four  stories  in  height.  Details  of  construction  left  to  discretion 
of  Superintendent  of  Buildings. 

Pennsylvania — Tenements  shall  have  fire  tower  or  outside 
stairs  of  iron  except  tenement  less  than  four  stories  in  height, 
where  third  floor  has  not  more  than  five  rooms  and  bath  room 
and  is  occupied  by  not  more  than  ten  people,  and  each  apart- 
ment of  the  building  has  wire  or  chain  fire  escape. 
Wisconsin — Tenements  over  two  stories  in  height  must  have 
one  iron  fire  escape  opening  directly  from  at  least  one  room  in 
each  apartment  at  each  story  above  the  ground  floor.  Tene- 
ments must  have  fire  escapes  in  such  numbers  and  positions 
as  may  be  required  by  the  Chief  of  the  Fire  Department  or 
Fire  Marshal.  Details  of  construction  specified  in  the  building 
code. 


23 


ENCUMBRANCE  OF  FIRE  ESCAPES. 


Model  Law 

Baltimore 

Calgary 

Chicago 

Cincinnati 

Columbus 

Detroit 

Duluth 

Grand  Rapids 

Louisville 

New  Orleans 

St.  Paul 

Seattle 

Toledo 

Toronto 

Washington,  D.  C. 


California 
Connecticut 
Indiana 
Massachusetts 
New  Jersey 


New  York 

Pennsylvania 
Wisconsin 


$100.00  fine. 


Must  be  kept  in  repair. 
Must  be  kept  in  repair. 
Must  be  kept  in  repair. 


Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 
Prohibited. 


State  Laws. 

Prohibited. 

Prohibited. 

Prohibited. 

Prohibited. 

Prohibited.  Penalty  of  $10.00  or  confis- 
cation of  such  articles.  Must  be  sign 
on  balcony  to  that  effect. 

First  class  cities.     Prohibited. 

Second  class  cities.     Prohibited. 

Prohibited.     Must  be  kept  in  good  repair. 

Prohibited. 


24 


ACCESS  TO  YARD. 

Model  Law — There  must  be  access  from  the  street  or  alley  to 

the  yard. 

Chicago — Every   tenement   must   have   access   from  yard  to 

street. 

Cincinnati — Yard  must  have  one  side  abutting  on  a  street  or 

alley. 

Columbus — Every  tenement  must  have  access  from  yard  to 

street. 

Duluth — Every  tenement  must  have  access  from  yard  to  street. 

Louisville — There  shall  be  access  from  street  to  yard. 

State  Laws. 

California — There  shall  be  access  either  direct  or  through  a 

court  from  street  to  yard. 

Indiana — There  must  be  access  from  the  street  or  alley  to  the 

yard. 

New  Jersey — There  shall  be  direct  access  from  street  to  yard. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Access  from  street  to  yard  is 

required  for  all  tenements. 

Pennsylvania — The  exit  from  a  fire  escape  must  be  to  a  street 

or  an  open  space  leading  thereto. 


25 


NUMBER  OF  STAIRS. 

Model  Law— See  "Fire  Escapes." 

Baltimore — Every  tenement  must  have  one  stairway  from  roof 

to  first  floor.    Tenement  over  six  stories  must  have  two  such 

stairways. 

Boston — Tenement  must  have  at  least  one  stairway  from  en- 
trance to  roof.  One  additional  stairway  for  every  100  rooms 
or  fraction  of  100  rooms. 

Calgary — The  number  of  stairs  shall  be  in  accordance  with  any 
requirements  of  the  department  of  buildings. 
Chicago — Every  tenement  must  have  two  flights  of  stairs. 
Non-fireproof  tenement  of  over  80  rooms  must  have  additional 
fire  escape  for  each  additional  80  rooms  or  fraction.  In  fire- 
proof tenement  of  more  than  120  rooms,  an  additional  flight 
for  each  additional  120  rooms  or  fraction. 

fDwelling  three  stories  or  more  in  height  shall  have  two 
stairways  from  first  to  top  floor,  or  one  stairway  and  a  fire 
escape. 

Columbus — Every  tenement  with  two  or  more  families  above 
first  story  shall  have  at  least  two  flights  of  stairs  from  ground 
to  top  floor,  Zy2  feet  wide. 

Detroit — Buildings  over  two  stories  and  basement  in  height 
shall  have  two  separate  stairs  three  feet  wide  with  six-inch 
increase  for  each  additional  1,000  square  feet  over  2,000  square 
feet  ground  floor  area,  and  increase  of  nine  inches  for  every 
story  above  three.  When  the  combined  width  of  the  stairways 
exceeds  nine  feet,  there  shall  be  three  stairways.  In  a  tene- 
ment with  over  100  rooms  above  the  first  story,  there  shall  be 
an  additional  stairway  for  every  added  100  rooms  or  fraction. 
Duluth — Every  tenement  with  two  or  more  families  above  the 
first  story  shall  have  two  flights  of  stairs  from  ground  to  top 
floor  Zy2  feet  wide. 

Grand  Rapids — There  shall  be  one  flight  of  stairs  from  en- 
trance to  roof  at  least  four  feet  wide. 

Louisville — All  tenements  with  sleeping  rooms  above  the  sec- 
ond story  for  ten  persons  shall  have  two  stairways  from 
ground  to  top  floor,  minimum  width  3*/2  feet.  Stairs  shall  in- 
crease in  width  six  inches  for  each  50  persons  over  100  until 
there  are  350  persons,  when  there  shall  be  at  least  three  flights 
of  stairs  each  six  feet  wide. 

Minneapolis — Every  tenement  must  have  at  least  two  flights 
of  stairs  three  feet  wide,  from  ground  to  top  floor.  Building 
Inspector  may  order  more  installed. 

New  Orleans — Every  tenement  shall  have  at  least  one  stair- 

26 


Number  of  Stairs. 


way  from  the  entrance  floor  to  the  roof.  Tenement  with  more 
than  50  rooms  above  the  first  floor  shall  have  an  additional 
stairway  for  every  additional  50  rooms  or  fraction. 
Pittsburgh — Tenement  over  two  stories  must  have  stairway 
accessible  from  each  apartment.  Stairs  and  hallways  must  be 
three  feet  in  width  for  tenement  with  less  than  15  rooms ; 
from  15  to  25  rooms,  not  less  than  3^  feet  in  width;  or  25 
or  more  rooms,  stairs  shall  be  four  feet  in  width. 
St.  Paul — Every  tenement  more  than  two  stories  in  height 
shall  have  at  least  two  separate  and  distinct  stairways. 
Seattle — A  two-story  tenement  shall  have  one  stairway ;  three 
stories  one  stairway  and  one  fire  escape.  Tenement  more  than 
three  stories  in  height  must  have  sufficient  means  of  egress  to 
satisfy  the  Superintendent  of  Buildings.  Each  suite  shall  have 
two  means  of  exit  without  passing  any  open  stair  well,  elevator 
shaft  or  light  shaft. 

Toronto — The  stairs  in  tenements  with  15  to  25  rooms  above 
first  floor  shall  be  four  feet  wide.  Tenements  with  more  than 
25  rooms  above  the  first  floor  shall  have  two  stairways  Zl/2 
feet  wide  situated  at  opposite  ends  of  the  building. 
Washington,  D.  C. — No  stairway  shall  be  less  than  four  feet 
in  width.  Common  halls  150  feet  in  length  furnishing  egress 
for  more  than  10  apartments  of  three  rooms  each  must  have 
stairs  at  each  end. 

State  Laws. 

California — Tenement  over  two  stories  shall  have  stairway 
three  feet  wide  to  roof.  There  shall  be  additional  stairs  for 
non-fireproof  tenement  with  less  than  50  rooms  from  second 
to  top  floor.  (Fire  escapes  may  take  the  place  of  this  second 
stairway  provided  it  connects  directly  with  a  public  hallway 
or  is  accessible  to  each  apartment.)  Non-fireproof  tenement 
over  50  rooms  shall  have  one  stairway  for  every  added  80 
rooms  or  fraction  except  that  tenement  having  not  more  than 
100  rooms  above  entrance  story  may  increase  width  of  all  stairs 
to  4l/2  feet.  Fireproof  tenement  with  over  120  rooms  above 
entrance  floor  must  increase  width  of  stairs  to  4*^  feet  or  put 
in  an  additional  hallway  for  each  added  120  rooms  or  fraction. 

Connecticut — See  "Fire  Escapes." 

Massachusetts — City — Every  tenement  shall  have  one  stair- 
way 3y2  feet  wide  from  entrance  to  top.  Wooden  tenements 
shall  have  two  flights. 

Town — Every  tenement  shall  have  two  flights  of  stairs. 

27 


Number  of  Stairs. 


New  Jersey — Every  tenement  three  or  more  stories  shall  have 
one  flight  of  stairs  from  entrance  to  roof  three  feet  wide. 
Every  non-fireproof  tenement  with  more  than  26  apartments 
above  the  entrance  floor  shall  have  additional  flight  for  every 
additional  26  apartments  or  fraction.  If  tenement  has  not 
more  than  36  apartments  above  the  entrance  floor,  instead  of 
added  stairway,  stairs  and  halls  may  be  widened  one-half. 
Fireproof  tenement  with  over  36  apartments  or  fraction  shall 
have  added  stairway  for  every  36  apartments  except  if  tene- 
ment has  not  more  than  48  apartments  above  entrance  story, 
stairs  and  halls  may  be  widened  one-half  instead.  If  tenement 
has  not  over  84  apartments  above  the  first  floor,  instead  of 
three  stairways,  there  may  be  but  two  if  one  of  such  halls  and 
stairs  is  widened  one-half. 

Newark — Every  three-story  tenement  must  have  two 
means  of  exit. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Every  tenement  shall  have  at 
least  one  stairway  from  entrance  floor  to  roof.  Non-fireproof 
tenement  with  over  26  apartments  above  entrance  story  shall 
have  additional  flight  for  every  additional  26  apartments  or 
fraction.  If  it  has  not  more  than  36  apartments,  instead  of 
additional  stairway,  stairs  may  be  widened  one-half.  Fireproof 
tenement  with  more  than  36  apartments  above  the  entrance 
story  must  have  additional  flight  of  stairs  for  every  added  36 
apartments  or  fraction,  but  if  tenement  has  not  over  48  apart- 
ments above  entrance  story,  stairs  may  be  widened  one-half ; — 
if  not  more  than  84  families  in  the  building,  instead  of  three 
stairways,  there  may  be  but  two  provided  one  of  said  stairways 
is  widened  one-half.  All  stairways  in  building  must  extend 
from  entrance  story  to  roof. 

Second  Class  Cities — All  tenements  must  have  one  stair- 
way from  ground  to  top  floor,  Zl/2  feet  wide,  and  second  means 
of  egress  which  must  be  accessible  to  each  apartment,  group, 
or  suite  of  rooms  without  having  to  pass  through  the  first 
way  of  egress. 

Pennsylvania — Number  of  stairs  is  determined  by  the  number 
of  rooms.  They  shall  not  be  less  than  three  feet  wide  in 
houses  containing  less  than  15  rooms,  3^2  feet  in  houses  con- 
taining from  15  to  25  rooms;  and  four  feet  in  houses  contain- 
ing 25  or  more  rooms.  Location  and  construction  determined 
by  Chief  of  Bureau  of  Building  Inspection. 


28 


CLOSETS  UNDER  STAIRS. 

Model  Law — Prohibited. 

Baltimore — Closets  prohibited  under  first  story  stairs  in  non- 
fireproof  tenement. 

Boston — Closets  are  prohibited  under  cellar  and  basement 
stairs. 

Cincinnati — Prohibited. 

Columbus — Closets  under  stairs  to  second  story  prohibited: 
Detroit — Closets  are  prohibited  under  first  story  stairway  un- 
less building  is  fireproof. 

Duluth — Closets  under  stairs  to  second  story  are  prohibited. 
Grand  Rapids — Closets  under  first  story  stairs  are  prohibited. 
Louisville — Prohibited. 

New  Orleans — Closets  under  stairs  leading  from  cellar  to  first 
story  are  prohibited. 
St.  Paul— Prohibited. 

State  Laws. 

California — Prohibited. 

Indiana — Closet  under  first  story  stairs  is  prohibited  unless  its 
four  walls  and  ceiling  are  fireproof. 

Massachuetts — City — Closet  under  first  story  stairs  prohibited. 
New  Jersey — Closets  under  stairs  are  prohibited  in  non-fire- 
proof tenements. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Closets  under  stairs  leading 
from  entrance  story  to  upper  story  prohibited  in  non-fireproof 
tenements. 

Second  Class  Cities — Closets  under  first  story  stairs  pro- 
hibited. 

Pennsylvania — Closets  under  stairways  forbidden  in  accord- 
ance with  discretionary  power  given  to  Chief  of  Bureau  of 
Building  Inspection. 


29 


WINDING  STAIRS. 
Model  Law — Prohibited. 

Boston — When  used,  all   treads  at  a  point   18  inches   from 
strings  on  well  side  shall  be  10  inches  wide. 
Calgary — Winders  must  be  seven  inches  wide. 
Chicago — For  winding  stairs,  treads  must  be  9l/2  inches  wide 
and  18  inches  from  strings  on  well  side. 
Columbus — Prohibited. 
Detroit— Prohibited. 
Duluth— Prohibited. 
Grand  Rapids — Prohibited. 

Louisville — Winding  stairs  shall  be  four  feet  five  inches  wide. 
Minneapolis — Prohibited. 

New  Orleans — Interior  circular  fire  escapes  shall  extend  from 
top  floor  to  basement,  open  into  court  or  yard,  and  must  be 
4l/2  feet  in  diameter. 

Seattle — Winders  shall  meet  the  approval  of  the  Superintend- 
ent of  Buildings.  The  width  shall  be  measured  15  inches  from 
the  narrow  end.  The  narrow  end  must  be  at  least  five  inches 
wide ;  the  wide  end  not  to  exceed  30  inches. 

State  Laws. 

California — Treads  must  be  10  inches  wide  at  a  point  18  inches 

from  the  strings  on  the  well  side. 

Indiana — Treads  must  be  10  inches  wide  at  a  distance  of  18 

inches  from  the  inner  stringer. 

Massachusetts — Prohibited. 

New  Jersey — Winders  must  be  10  inches  wide  at  a  point  18 

inches  from  strings  on  well  side. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Prohibited  except  in  fireproof 

tenement  with  an  elevator. 

Second  Class  Cities — Prohibited. 
Pennsylvania — Prohibited. 


30 


CELLAR  STAIRS. 

Model    Law — Prohibited   in    tenements   over   two   stories   in 
height  or  with  more  than  two  families  on  any  floor. 
Baltimore — This  inside  stairway  to  the  basement  shall  be  en- 
closed by  brick  walls  and  self-closing  doors. 
Chicago — Stairways  must  be  enclosed  in  fireproof  partitions 
with  self-closing  doors. 

Cincinnati — Cellar  stairs  may  be  inside  the  building  if  enclosed 
with  fireproof  partitions,  ceilings,  and  self-closing  doors. 
Columbus — In  non-fireproof  tenement  houses  over  two  stories 
in  height,  inside  cellar  stairs  shall  be  enclosed  with  fireproof 
walls  and  have  self-closing  doors  at  top  and  bottom. 
Detroit — Basement  shall  have  one  stairway  Zy2  feet  wide  lead- 
ing  directly    (to   street  if  used  for  living  and   sleeping)    to 
street,  alley,  or  to  floor  above.    Inside  stairs  must  be  enclosed 
by  brick  walls. 

Duluth — In  non-fireproof  tenement  houses  over  two  stories  in 
height,  inside   cellar  stairs  shall  be  enclosed  with  fireproof 
walls  and  have  self-closing  doors  at  top  and  bottom. 
Grand  Rapids — In  tenements  over  two  stories  in  height  or 
those  occupied  by  more  than  two  families  on  any  floor,  all 
inside  cellar  stairs  must  be  fireproof,  between  fireproof  parti- 
tions" and  enclosed  at  bottom  by  fire  doors. 
Louisville — When  practicable,  cellar  stairs  shall  be  in  rear. 
They  shall  be  enclosed  with  fireproof  walls  and  self-closing 
fireproof  doors  at  top  and  bottom. 

Minneapolis — Basement  used  for  sales  room  or  manufacturing 
purposes  must  have  stairway  three  feet  wide  leading  directly 
to  outside  of  building.  Must  have  additional  stairway  if  over 
5,000  square  feet  floor  area. 

St.  Paul — In  all  cases  of  tenement  houses,  cellar  stairs  shall 
be  enclosed  with  brick  or  stone  walls,  with  self-closing  fire- 
proof doors  at  top  and  bottom. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Cellar  stairs  must  terminate  in  a  fireproof 
compartment. 

State  Laws. 

Indiana — For  non-fireproof  tenement  over  two  stories  high, 
the  inside  cellar  stairs  shall  be  enclosed  and  have  doors  at  top 
or  bottom. 

Massachusetts — City — Ceiling  and  side  walls  of  cellar  stair- 
way must  be  plastered  on  metal  lath  and  there  must  be  self- 
closing  fire  door  at  the  top. 

New  Jersey — In  non-fireproof  tenement  over  four  stories,  cel- 

31 


Cellar  Stairs. 

lar  stairs  shall  be  outside  of  building.  In  fireproof  tenement, 
cellar  stairs  may  be  inside  provided  those  portions  of  cellar 
used  for  heating  and  storage  are  entirely  cut  off  by  fireproof 
walls.  Non-fireproof  tenements  under  four  stories  in  height 
with  not  more  than  two  families  on  a  floor  may  have  inside 
cellar  stairs  if  such  stairs  are  entirely  enclosed  with  brick  walls 
in  cellar  and  enclosing  partitions  lathed  with  metal  lath  or 
approved  plaster  board  on  the  first  floor  and  are  provided  with 
self-closing  fireproof  doors  at  top  and  bottom,  bottom  door  to 
be  at  least  three  feet  from  foot  of  stairs. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Inside  cellar  stairs  are  pro- 
hibited in  non-fireproof  tenements  over  four  stories  in  height 
and  occupied  by  more  than  two  families  on  a  floor.  When 
cellar  stairs  are  placed  within  buildings  not  more  than  four 
stories  in  height,  said  stairs  must  be  enclosed  with  fireproof 
walls  and  provided  with  self-closing  fireproof  doors  at  both 
top  and  bottom. 

Second  Class  Cities — Inside  cellar  stairs  are  prohibited 
in  tenement  more  than  two  stories  high  or  with  more  than 
two  families  on  a  floor. 


32 


CELLAR  ENTRANCE. 

Model  Law — There  shall  be  an  outside  cellar  entrance. 

Baltimore — Outside  stairways  shall  be  fireproof. 

Columbus — Tenement  shall  have  outside  cellar  entrance. 

Detroit — Outside  stairways,  except  in  frame  buildings,  shall 

be  fireproof. 

Duluth — Tenement  over  three  stories  high  shall  have  outside 

cellar  entrance. 

Grand  Rapids — Tenement  must  have  outside  cellar  entrance. 

Minneapolis — See  "Cellar  Stairs." 

St.  Paul — Stairway,  railings,  etc.,  of  cellar  entrance  must  be 

of  fireproof  materials. 

State  Laws. 

California — Tenement  must  have  outside  cellar  entrance. 
Indiana — There  must  be  an  outside  entrance  to  the  cellar. 
Massachusetts — Cellar  must  have  entrance  from  outside. 
New  Jersey — There  must  be  direct  entrance  to  cellar  from  out- 
side the  building. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Every  tenement  shall  have  an 
outside  cellar  entrance. 

Second  Class  Cities — Every  tenement  shall  have  an  out- 
side cellar  entrance. 


33 


FIREPROOF  STAIRS. 

Model  Law — In  tenements  over  two  stories  in  height  or  with 
more  than  two  families  on  a  floor,  the  stairs  must  be  fireproof 
except  that  the  treads  and  hand  rails  may  be  of  hardwood. 
Baltimore — Outside  stairways  shall  always  be  fireproof.  In- 
side stairways  of  non-fireproof  tenement  over  two  stories  high 
shall  be  fireproof. 

Calgary — Apartments  over  two  stories  in  height  shall  have 
stairways  of  fireproof  construction. 

Chicago — Stairs  in  tenement  over  three  stories  and  basement 
in  height  must  be  fireproof. 

Columbus — In  non-fireproof  tenement  three  stories  in  height, 
stairs  and  halls  must  be  of  fireproof  material  throughout. 
Detroit — Tenement  with  ground  floor  of  1,500  square  feet,  or 
over  three  stories  and  basement  in  height,  must  have  one  stair- 
way enclosed  in  fireproof  shaft.  In  tenements  over  five  stories, 
one  stairway  must  be  fireproof. 

Duluth — In  non-fireproof  tenements  three  stories  high,  stairs 
and  halls  shall  be  of  fireproof  material  throughout. 
Milwaukee — Tenements  occupied  by  more  than  two  families 
on  a  floor,  or  four  stories  and  cellar  in  height,  shall  have  fire- 
proof stairs. 

Providence — Stairs  shall  be  fireproof  throughout  or  as  ap- 
proved by  Inspector. 

St.  Paul — Tenement  shall  have  outside  fireproof  entrance. 
Toronto — Every  non-fireproof  tenement  over  three  stories  and 
basement  in  height  shall  have  fireproof  stairs. 
Washington,   D.   C. — Buildings  three  stories  in  height  with 
more  than  one  apartment  on  any  floor  must  have  fireproof 
stairs. 

State  Laws. 

Massachusetts — Tenement  more  than  two  and  one-half  stories 
in  height  must  have  fireproof  stairs. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — A  non-fireproof  tenement  oc- 
cupied by  more  than  two  families  on  any  floor  or  which  ex- 
ceeds four  stories  in  height  shall  have  stairs  and  halls  of  fire- 
proof material  throughout.  In  four  story  tenements  with  more 
than  two  families  on  each  floor,  stair  halls  may  be  enclosed 
with  four-inch  fireproof  blocks  set  in  angle  irons.  In  building 
not  over  three  stories  in  height,  halls  may  be  enclosed  with 
stud  partitions  covered  on  both  sides  with  metal  lath  and 
plaster.  In  these  two  latter  cases,  the  floors  may  be  con- 
structed of  wooden  beams  provided  same  are  deafened  with 
five  inches  of  cement  deafening. 

Second  Class  Cities — Risers,  strings,  balusters,  and  treads 
must  be  fireproof,  and  rails  of  hardwood. 

34 


HALL  AND  STAIR  PARTITIONS. 

Model  Law — Tenements  over  two  stories  in  height  or  with 
more  than  two  families  on  a  floor  must  have  stair  halls  en- 
closed on  all  sides  with  walls  of  brick  or  approved  fireproof 
material  not  less  than  eight  inches  thick.  Doors  opening  from 
such  stair  hall  shall  be  fireproof  and  self-closing.  There  shall 
be  no  transom  or  similar  opening  from  such  stair  hall  to  other 
parts  of  the  house.  Entrance  halls  must  comply  with  the 
above  provisions  and  be  4^  feet  wide. 

Baltimore — In  non-fireproof  tenements  over  three  stories  high, 
stairs  must  be  fireproof  and  entirely  enclosed  in  brick  walls. 

Boston — In  non-fireproof  tenement,  hall  and  stair  partitions 
must  be  of  iron  beans  and  fireproof  filling  or  filled  between 
floor  beams  with  at  least  five  inches  of  cement  deafening.  In 
second  and  third  class  tenement  houses,  stair  halls  may  be  en- 
closed with  wooden  stud  partitions  if  covered  on  both  sides 
with  metal  lath  and  plaster,  and  spaces  between  studs  filled 
in  with  incombustible  material  to  height  of  floor  beams. 

Calgary — Apartments  which  do  not  reach  two  stories  and 
basement  in  height  and  do  not  have  more  than  two  families  on 
a  floor  may  have  stud  partitions  if  covered  on  both  sides  with 
metal  lath  filled  between  with  brick  to  the  height  of  the  floor 
beams.  Every  apartment  house  not  over  three  stories  and 
basement  and  not  occupied  by  more  than  two  families  on  any 
floor  shall  have  stair  halls  enclosed  on  all  sides  with  brick 
walls  or  with  partitions  of  angle  iron  and  fireproof  blocks  not 
less  than  four  inches  thick. 

Chicago — Tenements  over  three  stories  and  basement  in 
height  must  have  fireproof  hall  and  stair  partitions.  In  all 
non-fireproof  tenements  walls  must  be  of  solid  masonry. 

Columbus — See  "Fireproof  Stairs." 

Detroit — Tenements  over  two  stories  and  basement  in  height 
with  two  or  more  apartments  on  the  same  level  shall  have 
apartments  divided  by  a  brick  or  concrete  wall. 

Duluth— See  "Fireproof  Stairs." 

Louisville — Stairway  halls  leading  to  the  street  shall  be  fire- 
proof. Non-fireproof  tenements  over  three  stories  and  a  base- 
ment in  height  with  more  than  two  families  on  any  floor  shall 
have  the  staircase  halls  inclosed  with  fireproof  walls. 

Milwaukee — In  tenement  three  stories  and  cellar  in  height, 
partitions  shall  be  either  fireproof  or  filled  with  incombustible 
material. 

35 


Hall  and  Stair  Partitions. 

Minneapolis — Non-fireproof  tenement  shall  have  partitions 
covered  with  metal  lath  and  plaster  separating  suites  into 
groups  of  not  more  than  three.  Frame  tenements  outside  of 
fire  limits  shall  have  fireproof  wall  separating  each  suite.  All 
wood  partitions  adjoining  stairways  and  public  halls  shall  be 
lathed  with  metal  lath. 

New  Orleans — Hall  and  stair  partitions  shall  be  of  incombust- 
ible material. 

Pittsburgh — One  stairway  shall  be  enclosed  with  brick  walls 
and  fireproof  partitions. 

St.  Paul — Hall  and  stair  partitions  shall  be  of  incombustible 
material. 

Seattle — In  non-fireproof  tenements,  hall  and  stair  partitions 

must  be  fireproof. 

Toledo — Partitions  shall  be  of  incombustible  material  or  of 

stud  partitions  filled  with  incombustible  material  and  plastered 

on  metal  lath. 

Toronto — In   every   non-fireproof  tenement   two   stories   and 

basement  in  height,  entrance  and  stair  halls  shall  be  enclosed 

on  sides  with  walls  of  solid  masonry. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Hall  and  stair  partitions  must  be  fireproof 

as  specified  in  "Fireproof  Stairs." 

State  Laws. 

Massachusetts — Hall  and  stair  partitions  must  be  fireproof  in 
tenement  over  two  and  one-half  stories  in  height. 
New  Jersey — Non-fireproof  tenements  may  have  stud  parti- 
tions if  lathed  on  both  sides  with  metal   lath  and  plastered 
with  two  coats  of  plaster. 

Newark — In  tenements  four  stories  or  more  in  height,  the 
staircase  hall  and  the  connecting  hall  to  the  street  shall  be 
enclosed  with  brick  walls. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — In  non-fireproof  tenements, 
partitions  shall  be  of  incombustible  material. 

Second  Class  Cities — In  tenement  more  than  two  stories 
in  height  or  with  more  than  two  families  on  a  floor,  hall  and 
stair  partitions  must  be  fireproof. 

Wisconsin — In  tenements  with  more  than  two  families  on  any 
floor,  or  which  are  four  stories  and  cellar  in  height,  the  stair 
halls  shall  be  fireproof.  In  tenements  three  stories  and  cellar 
in  height  which  do  not  have  more  than  two  families  on  any 
floor,  the  stair  halls  shall  be  fireproof.  Enclosing  partitions 
shall  be  either  fireproof  or  filled  with  incombustible  materials. 

36 


SHAFTS. 

Model  Law — Dumb  waiters  and  elevators  must  be  enclosed  in 
fireproof  shafts  with  fireproof  doors  at  all  openings  at  each 
story,  including  the  cellar.  In  case  of  dumb  waiters,  such 
doors  shall  be  self-closing.  Every  elevator  shall  be  complete- 
ly separated  from  the  stairs  by  fireproof  walls. 

Baltimore — Construction  of  shafts  is  subject  to  approval  of 
Inspector  of  Buildings. 

Boston — Elevator  or  dumb  waiter  shafts  (except  in  fireproof 
stair  wells)  must  be  fireproof  with  self-closing  doors. 

Chicago — Shafts  must  be  fireproof.  There  must  be  wall  of 
solid  masonry  from  ground  to  roof  between  apartments. 

Cincinnati — *Walls  of  all  shafts  in  non-fireproof  buildings 
shall  be  covered  with  fireproof  material.  There  shall  be  self- 
closing  doors  at  bottom. 

Columbus — Shafts  from  bakeries  must  be  at  least  eight  inches 
thick  and  of  brick. 
Detroit— See  "Fireproof  Stairs." 

Duluth — Shafts  from  bakeries  must  be  of  brick  at  least  eight 
inches  thick. 

Louisville — Dumb  waiters  shall  be  fireproof.  All  openings  in 
shafts  shall  be  fireproof. 

Milwaukee — Shafts  shall  be  fireproof.  Elevators  shall  be  en- 
closed in  separate  shafts. 

Minneapolis — If  shaft  is  non-fireproof,  walls  shall  be  covered 
with  metal  lath  and  plaster. 

New  Orleans — Shaft  shall  be  fireproof  throughout  with  stan- 
dard fire  doors  at  all  openings  at  each  story. 
Providence — All  shafts  in  non-fireproof  buildings  shall  be  en- 
closed in  brick  or  other  fireproof  material  approved  by  the 
Building  Inspector. 
St.  Paul— See  "Halls  and  Stair  Partitions." 

Toronto — Walls  of  shafts  shall  be  of  brick  or  other  fireproof 
construction  throughout. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Elevator  and  light  shafts  shall  be  fire- 
proof as  specified  in  "Fireproof  Stairs." 

State  Laws. 

California — Vent  shafts  must  be  fireproof  or  covered  with  fire- 
proof material. 

Connecticut — Vent  shafts  must  be  of  fireproof  material. 
Massachusetts — Shafts    must   be    fireproof    with    self-closing 
doors  at  all  openings. 

37 


Shafts. 

New  Jersey — Shafts  must  be  fireproof  throughout  with  self- 
closing  doors  at  all  openings  at  each  story  except  windows  in 
vent  shafts. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Shafts  shall  be  fireproof 
throughout  with  self-closing  doors. 

New  York — Second  Class  Cities — Dumb  waiter  shafts  shall  be 
fireproof  with  self-closing  doors.  Elevator  shafts  shall  be  fire- 
proof with  doors  at  all  openings. 

Wisconsin — Shafts  shall  be  fireproof  throughout.  Elevator 
must  be  enclosed  in  a  separate  fireproof  shaft. 


38 


BAKERIES  AND  DANGEROUS  BUSINESSES. 

*Model  Law — No  horse,  cow,  calf,  swine,  sheep,  goat,  chickens, 
geese  or  ducks  shall  be  kept  in  any  dwelling  or  part  thereof. 
Nor  shall  any  such  animals  be  kept  on  the  same  lot  or  prem- 
ises with  a  dwelling  except  under  such  conditions  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  the  Health  Officer.  No  such  animal,  except  a 
horse,  shall  under  any  circumstances  be  kept  on  the  same  lot 
or  premises  with  a  multiple  dwelling.  No  dwelling  or  the  lot 
or  premises  thereof  shall  be  used  for  the  storage  or  handling 
of  rags  or  junk. 

*No  dwelling  or  any  part  thereof  nor  of  the  lot  upon  which 
it  is  situated  shall  be  used  as  a  place  of  storage,  keeping  or 
handling  of  any  article  dangerous  or  deterimental  to  life  or 
health ;  nor  any  combustible  article,  except  under  such  condi- 
tions as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Fire  Commissioner,  under 
authority  of  a  written  permit  issued  by  him.  No  multiple 
dwelling  or  any  part  thereof,  nor  of  the  lot  upon  which  it  is 
situated  shall  be  used  as  a  place  of  storage,  keeping  or  hand- 
ling of  feed,  hay,  straw,  excelsior,  cotton,  paper  stock,  feathers 
or  rags.  Transoms,  windows  or  doors  from  places  where 
paint,  oil,  drugs  or  spirituous  liquors  are  kept  into  a  public 
hall  prohibited. 

Boston — Bakeries  are  prohibited  in  non-fireproof  tenements 
unless  ceilings  and  walls  are  fireproof  with  no  openings  to 
other  parts  of  the  building.  Transoms  and  windows  opening 
from  places  where  paint,  oil,  spirituous  liquors  or  drugs  are 
kept  into  halls  or  stairways  used  by  tenants  prohibited  unless 
glazed  with  wire  glass,  or  having  self-closing  fire  doors  be- 
tween the  halls  and  any  such  places. 

Calgary — No  person  shall  conduct  any  place  for  boiling  soap, 
running  candles,  melting  tallow  or  any  dangerous  business 
without  a  permit  from  the  Superintendent  of  Buildings. 

Cincinnati — Building  shall  not  be  used  as  a  place  of  storage 
for  any  hazardous  material  such  as  fireworks,  gasoline,  etc., 
nor  for  the  storage  of  feed,  hay,  paper,  rags,  etc.  No  bakery 
or  place  where  fat  is  boiled  shall  be  maintained  unless  the 
walls  and  ceiling  are  fireproof  and  there  are  no  openings  to 
other  parts  of  the  building.  Cannot  be  used  for  the  storage  of 
paint,  oil,  spirituous  liquors  unless  all  openings  are  equipped 
with  fireproof  self-closing  doors. 

Columbus — Bakeries  are  prohibited  except  in  fireproof  tene- 
ment. Openings  prohibited  from  places  where  paint,  oil,  spir- 
ituous liquors  or  drugs  are  kept,  into  hall  or  stairway  used  by 
tenants. 

Duluth — Bakeries  are  prohibited  except  in  fireproof  tenement. 

39 


Bakeries  and  Dangerous  Businesses. 

Openings  from  places  where  paint,  oil,  spirituous  liquors  or 
drugs  are  kept  into  hall  or  stairway  used  by  tenants  are  pro- 
hibited. 

Grand  Rapids — No  cow,  calf,  swine,  sheep,  goat,  chickens, 
geese,  or  ducks  shall  be  kept  in  any  tenement.  Openings  from 
places  where  paint,  oil,  drugs,  or  spirituous  liquors  are  stored 
prohibited. 

Louisville — Bakeries  are  prohibited  except  in  fireproof  tene- 
ments. Openings  from  places  where  paint,  oil,  spirituous 
liquors  or  drugs  are  kept  into  hall  or  stairway  used  by  ten- 
ants prohibited. 

New  Orleans — Bakeries  prohibited  except  in  fireproof  tene- 
ments unless  ceiling  and  walls  are  made  fireproof. 

Pittsburgh — No  horse,  cow,  pig,  sheep,  goat  or  poultry  can 
be  kept.  Cannot  be  used  for  storage  of  dangerous  or  com- 
bustible articles. 

St.  Paul — No  bakery  in  non-fireproof  tenement  unless  ceiling 
and  sides  are  fireproof.  Openings  from  places  where  paint, 
oil,  spirituous  liquors  are  stored  shall  be  protected  by  fireproof 
doors  or  closed  up  solidly. 

Toronto — Permit  must  be  secured  from  Committee  on  Prop- 
erty before  Baker's  ovens  may  be  installed. 

Washington,  D.  C. — *Tenement  or  dwelling  cannot  be  used  to 
store  combustible  or  dangerous  articles. 

State  Laws. 

California — There  shall  be  no  bakery  in  a  tenement  unless 
ceilings  and  side  walls  are  fireproof  with  no  openings  from 
the  place  into  the  tenement.  Storage  of  combustible  articles 
prohibited.  Fine  of  $1,000.00  if  used  for  prostitution  with 
knowledge  of  owner  or  his  agent. 

Connecticut — The  keeping  of  a  horse,  cow,  calf,  swine,  poul- 
try, sheep  or  goats  nearer  than  20  feet  to  a  tenement  is  pro- 
hibited. Openings  from  places  where  paint,  oil,  spirituous 
liquors  or  drugs  are  kept  into  hall  or  stairway  used  by  tenants 
prohibited. 

Indiana — Bakeries  and  fat  boiling  prohibited.  Openings  from 
places  where  paint,  oil,  or  spirituous  liquors  are  kept  into  a 
hall  of  tenement  are  prohibited. 

Massachusetts — Bakeries  are  prohibited.  Tenement  cannot 
be  used  for  storage  of  dangerous  substances.  Openings  from 

40 


Bakeries  and  Dangerous  Businesses. 

places  where  paint,  oil,  spirituous  liquors  or  drugs  are  kept 
into  hall  prohibited. 

New  Jersey — Bakery  prohibited  unless  entirely  enclosed  with 
fireproof  materials  and  there  are  no  openings  into  rest  of 
building.  Openings  into  tenements  from  places  where  paint, 
oil  and  spirituous  liquors  are  stored  prohibited. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Bakeries  forbidden  in  any 
tenement  house  unless  said  bakery  is  shut  off  from  all  other 
parts  of  building  and  is  constructed  entirely  fireproof. 

Second  Class  Cities — Tenement  cannot  have  feed,  hay, 
straw,  excelsior,  cotton,  paper  stock,  feathers  or  rags  handled 
therein.  Openings  from  places  where  paint,  oil,  spirituous 
liquors  or  drugs  are  kept  into  hall  or  stairway  used  by  tenants 
prohibited. 

Pennsylvania — Shops  or  stores  having  paint,  oil,  or  easily  in- 
flammable material  prohibited.  Bakery  prohibited  except 
where  the  ceiling,  side  walls  and  the  exposed  iron  or  wood  is 
fireproofed  and  no  opening  to  other  parts  of  the  building 
except  by  fireproof  shaft.  The  keeping  of  animals  or  fowls 
on  tenement  house  premises  prohibited  without  special  per- 
mit. 


41 


III. 

Light  and  Ventilation. 

GENERAL  PROVISIONS. 

Model  Law — *Every  room  shall  have  at  least  one  window 
opening  directly  on  a  street,  court  or  yard.  Such  window 
shall  be  so  located  as  to  properly  light  all  portions  of  the  room. 
The  top  of  at  least  one  window  shall  be  not  less  than  7*/>  feet 
above  the  floor. 

Baltimore — All  habitable  rooms  shall  be  lighted  and  ventilated 
by  windows  opening  directly  to  outer  air.  One  window  in 
each  room  12  square  feet  area,  with  top  at  least  7y2  feet  above 
floor.  Top  half  made  to  open. 

Boston — Every  room  must  have  window  area  equal  to  one- 
eighth  of  floor  area  opening  on  street,  alley,  court,  yard,  etc. 
Top  of  at  least  one  window  not  less  than  eight  feet  above  floor 
and  opening  full  width  at  top. 

Calgary — Every  room  must  have  at  least  one  window  opening 
directly  upon  a  street,  yard,  court,  or  open  space,  except  kitch- 
enettes not  more  than  65  square  feet  in  area  may  have  vent  of 
not  less  than  100  square  inches  in  area. 

fNo  building  shall  be  erected  in  residential  district  unless 
foundation  and  wall  is  20  feet  from  the  street  line  except  by 
written  consent  of  all  property  owners  in  the  block. 

Chicago — *Every  room  must  have  window  to  street,  yard,  or 
court,  or  to  room  having  such  window  and  transom  opening 
into  hall. 

Columbus — *Every  room  shall  have  a  window  opening  direct- 
ly upon  a  street,  yard  or  court.  The  top  of  one  window  shall 
be  seven  feet  above  the  floor  and  made  to  open  full  width. 

Detroit — All  rooms  except  bathrooms,  toilets  and  pantries 
shall  be  lighted  and  ventilated  by  windows  opening  directly 
on  to  a  street,  alley,  yard,  open  court  or  park. 

Duluth — *Every  room  must  have  at  least  one  window  with 
10  square  feet  of  glass  opening  directly  on  a  street,  yard,  or 
court  and  made  so  as  to  open  full  width. 

Grand  Rapids — Every  room  shall  have  a  window  opening  di- 
rectly on  a  street,  yard,  or  court.  All  windows  shall  be  made 
to  open  full  width.  Top  of  one  window  at  least  7^  feet  above 
the  floor. 

42 


Light  and  Ventilation. 

Louisville — Every  room  must  have  a  window  opening  directly 
on  a  street,  court  or  yard. 

Milwaukee — Every  room  shall  have  one  window  to  street, 
yard  or  court  with  top  at  least  seven  feet  above  floor  and  made 
to  open  full  width. 

Minneapolis — Habitable  rooms  must  have  windows  equal  to 
one-tenth  of  floor  area  opening  into  alley,  yard,  street  or  court. 
Pittsburgh — Every  room  must  have  window  opening  on 
street,  yard  or  court,  one-half  of  sash  to  open  full  width.  Top 
of  window  shall  be  within  six  inches  of  the  ceiling.  Distance 
from  such  window  to  the  wall  or  party  line  shall  be  eight  feet. 
Providence — Every  room  must  have  at  least  one  window  open- 
ing to  the  external  air,  with  top  not  less  than  7^  feet  above 
floor  and  upper  half  made  to  open  full  width.  The  Board  of 
Health  may  make  other  requirements  for  safety,  privacy  or 
ventilation. 

St.  Paul — All  rooms  except  waterclosets  and  bathrooms  shall 
have  at  least  one  window  open  directly  upon  street,  yard  or 
court. 

Seattle — Each  apartment  built  for  one  family  shall  have  not 
less  than  two  rooms  exclusive  of  bath  and  watercloset.  The 
top  of  one  window  in  every  room  shall  not  be  less  than  seven 
feet  above  floor.  All  required  windows  shall  be  made  to  open 
one-half. 

Toledo — See  Habitable  Rooms. 

Toronto — Every  room  shall  have  windows  one-tenth  of  floor 
area  opening  to  external  air.  Top  of  at  least  one  window  shall 
be  seven  feet  from  floor,  and  upper  sash  must  be  movable. 
Washington,  D.  C. — Dwelling  houses  on  any  alley  less  than 
30  feet  wide  which  is  not  supplied  with  sewerage,  water  mains, 
and  light  are  prohibited  except  that  no  dwelling  house  shall 
be  located  less  than  20  feet  back  of  the  center  line  of  such  alley 
so  as  to  give  a  30-foot  roadway  with  5  feet  on  each  side  for  a 
walk.  A  dwelling  shall  not  be  built  on  an  alley  which  does 
not  run  straight  to  and  open  at  right  angles  upon  a  public 
street  with  at  least  one  exit  15  feet  in  the  clear. 

State  Laws. 

California — Every  room  must  have  window  to  street,  yard  or 
court  so  situated  as  to  properly  light  the  room. 
Connecticut — Every  room  must  have  a  window  to  street,  yard 
or  court. 

Indiana — Every  room  shall  have  at  least  one  window  opening 
directly  on  a  street,  yard  or  court.  The  top  of  one  window 

43 


Light  and  Ventilation. 

shall  be  seven  feet  above  the  floor  and  the  upper  half  made  to 
open  full  width. 

Massachusetts — Every  room  shall  have  at  least  one  window 
opening  directly  on  street,  yard  or  court. 

New  Jersey — Every  room  must  have  window  to  outer  air,  top 
at  least  7^  feet  from  floor  and  upper  half  made  to  open  full 
width,  with  minimum  area  of  12  square  feet. 
New  York — First  Class  Cities — Every  room,  including  water- 
closet  and  bathroom,  must  have  window  opening  upon  the 
street,  yard  or  lawful  court. 

Second  Class  Cities — *Every  room  shall  have  at  least  one 
window  opening  directly  on  a  street,  yard  or  court. 
Pennsylvania — *Every  room  shall  have  one  window  at  least 
12  square  feet  in  area  opening  on  street,  yard,  or  open  area. 
The  upper  half  of  windows  shall  open  fully. 
Wisconsin — Every  room  shall  have  at  least  one  window  open- 
ing directly  upon  a  street,  yard,  or  court,  with  top  not  less 
than  seven  feet  above  the  floor  and  upper  half  made  to  open 
full  width. 


44 


HEIGHT  OF  TENEMENTS. 

Model  Law — *No  dwelling  shall  exceed  the  width  of  the 
widest  street  upon  which  it  abuts  nor  in  any  case  100  feet. 

Baltimore — Height  shall  not  exceed  one  and  one-half  times 
width  of  street. 

Boston — Shall  not  exceed  two  and  one-half  times  width  of 
street  or  125  feet  in  any  case. 

Calgary — No  building  can  be  over  130  feet  in  height. 

Chicago — Height  shall  not  exceed  one  and  one-half  times 
width  of  street. 

Columbus — ^Building  shall  not  exceed  width  of  street  unless 
set  back  from  street  distance  equal  to  excess. 

Duluth — *Building  shall  not  exceed  width  of  street  unless  set 
back  from  street  distance  equal  to  excess. 

Grand  Rapids — *Building  shall  not  exceed  in  height,  width  of 
widest  street  on  which  it  stands  nor  be  over  100  feet  high. 

Seattle — No  fireproof  tenement  shall  exceed  in  height  the 
width  of  the  widest  adjoining  street  plus  25  feet,  and  in  no 
case  125  feet. 

Washington,  D.  C. — On  a  business  street,  the  height  of  a 
building  shall  not  be  more  than  the  width  of  the  street  on 
which  it  fronts  increased  by  20  feet.  Never  over  130  feet  ex- 
cept on  the  north  side  of  Pennsylvania  avenue,  where  the  limit 
is  160  feet. 

*On  a  residential  street,  the  height  shall  not  be  more  than 
,the  width  of  the  street  on  which  it  fronts  decreased  by  10 
feet,  except  on  a  street  from  60  to  65  feet  wide  where  a  height 
of  60  feet  may  be  allowed,  and  except  on  a  street  60  feet  or 
less  in  width  where  a  height  equal  to  the  width  of  the  street 
may  be  allowed.  Never  over  85  feet. 

State  Laws. 

California — Height  shall  not  exceed  by  more  than  one-half  the 
width  of  widest  street  on  which  it  faces. 

Indiana — Height  must  not  exceed  one  and  one-half  times 
width  of  widest  street  on  which  it  abuts. 

Massachusetts — City — Tenement  can  have  one  story  for  each 
full  10  feet  of  the  width  of  the  street. 

Town — Tenement  shall  not  exceed  four  stories  or  width 
of  widest  street  on  which  it  stands  unless  set  back  from  street 
distance  equal  to  excess. 

45 


Height  of  Tenements. 


New  Jersey — Not  more  than  one  and  one-half  times  width  of 
widest  street  on  which  it  stands. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Height  must  not  exceed  by 
more  than  one-half,  the  width  of  the  widest  street  upon  which 
it  stands. 

Second  Class  Cities — *Height  shall  not  exceed  width  of 
widest  street  on  which  it  stands  or  be  more  than  100  feet. 


46 


MAXIMUM  WIDTH  OF  LOT  WHICH  MAY  BE 
TREATED  AS  CORNER  LOT. 

Model  Law  70  feet. 

Baltimore  50  feet. 

Boston  50  feet. 

Chicago  50  feet. 

Cincinnati  .  50  feet. 

Columbus  50  feet. 

Duluth  50  feet. 

Grand  Rapids  70  feet. 

Minneapolis  50  feet. 

St.  Paul  50  feet. 

Washington,  D.  C.  50  feet. 

State  Laws. 

California  50  feet. 

Indiana  70  feet. 

Massachusetts  50  feet. 

New  Jersey  50  feet. 

New  York  First  Class  Cities— 50  feet. 

New  York  Second  Class  Cities— 70  feet. 


47 


PERCENTAGE  OF  LOT  TO  BE  OCCUPIED. 

Model  Law  Corner  lot,  street  on  three  sides 90% 

Corner  lot 85% 

Interior  lot,  depth  up  to  60  feet 70% 

60  to  105  feet 65% 

105  to  155  feet 55% 

155  to  205  feet 50% 

Over  205  feet 40% 

Baltimore  Corner  lot 90% 

Interior  lot 70% 

Chicago  Corner  lot,  above  first  story 85% 

Corner  lot,  street  on  three  sides 90% 

Interior  lot 75% 

Cincinnati  Corner  lot,  20  feet  in  width 100% 

Corner  lot,  over  20  feet  in  width,  1%  de- 
crease in  lot  occupancy  for  each  foot 
until  total  width  is  50  feet. 

Interior  lot,  less  than  2,000  sq.  ft 80% 

Interior  lot,  less  than  3,000  sq.  ft 75% 

Interior  lot,  3,000  sq.  ft.  or  over 70% 

Half  the  width  of  an  adjoining  alley  may 
be  counted  as  a  part  of  lot. 

Columbus  *Corner  lot,  street  on  three  sides 80% 

Corner  lot 75% 

Interior  lot 60% 

Detroit  Corner  lot 80% 

Interior  lot 70% 

Duluth  *  Corner  lot,  street  on  three  sides 80% 

Corner  lot 75% 

Interior  lot 60% 

Grand  Rapids  *  Corner  lot,  streets  on  three  sides. . .  .90% 

Corner  lot 85% 

Interior  lot,  not  over  60  ft.  in  depth.  .60% 
Interior  lot,  from  60  to  105  ft.  in 

depth   50% 

Interior  lot,  over  105  ft.  in  depth 40% 

Louisville  Corner  lot 80% 

Interior  lot 70% 

Milwaukee  Corner  lot 90% 

Interior  lot 75% 

Minneapolis  Corner  lot,  above  first  story 85% 

Fireproof  tenement  with  every  win- 
dow opening  on  street 90% 

Interior  lot 75% 

Triangular  excepted. 
48 


Percentage  of  Lot  to  be  Occupied. 


Pittsburgh  Corner  lot,  streets  20  ft.  wide. . . 90% 

Corner  lot,  streets  not  less  than  20  ft. 

wide  on  three  sides 100% 

Interior  lot 80% 

Providence  Corner  lot 95% 

Interior  lot 80% 

St.  Paul  Corner  lot 90% 

Interior  lot 70% 

Seattle  Fireproof  buildings  used  for  tenements  or 

apartments  above  the  first  story  and 
for  other  purposes  below  may  have 
cellar  and  basement  covering  the  entire 
lot  and  first  story  covering  the  entire 
width  of  lot  if  the  lower  stories  are 
supplied  with  light,  air  and  ventilation. 
No  second  or  third  floor  of  any  building 
shall  cover  a  greater  percentage  than  as 
follows : 

Corner  lot  on  two  streets 83% 

Corner  lot  on  two  streets  and  alley.  .85% 

Corner  lot  on  three  streets 87% 

Lot  surrounded  by  thoroughfares. .  100% 

Interior  lot  on  one  street 73% 

Interior  lot  on  one  street  and  an 

alley   75% 

Interior  lot  on  two  streets 77% 

Toronto  Buildings  on  business  streets  may  cover 

the  entire  area  of  the  lot  for  such  stories 
as  are  used  for  business  purposes  only. 
Washington,  D.  C.     Corner  lot  not  less  than  75  feet  deep 

and  not  over  50  feet  wide 100% 

Triangular  or  irregular  shaped  lot  ex- 
tending from  street  to  street 100% 

Corner  lot .' 90% 

Interior  lot 75% 

State  Laws. 

California  Corner  lot 90% 

Interior  lot 75% 

Connecticut  Corner  lot 90% 

Interior  lot  less  than  60  ft.  in  depth.  .75% 
Interior  lot  more  than  60  ft.  in  depth. 70% 

Indiana  Corner  lot,  street  on  three  sides 90% 

Corner  lot 85% 

Interior  lot 65% 

49 


Percentage  of  Lot  to  be  Occupied. 


Massachusetts  City  Law:     Tenement  must  be  five  feet 

from   lot  line  unless  provided  with  a 
fire  wall. 
Town  Law: 

Corner  lot 65% 

Interior  lot 50% 

New  Jersey  Corner  lot 90% 

'Interior  lot 70% 

New  York  First  Class  Cities: 

Corner  lot 90% 

Interior  lot  not  less  than  70  nor 

more  than  105  ft.  in  depth 70% 

Interior  lot  more   than   105   ft.   in 

depth   65% 

Second  Class  Cities  :* 

Corner  lot,  streets  on  three  sides.  .90% 

Corner  lot 85% 

Interior  lot  over  60  ft.  in  depth. .  .60% 
Pennsylvania  Interior  lot  not  over  60  ft.  in  depth .  70% 

Corner  lot  on  streets  20  ft.  wide 90% 

Corner  lot  with  streets  20  ft.  on  three 

sides 100% 

Wisconsin  Interior  lot 80% 

Corner  lot 90% 

Interior  lot .75% 


50 


YARDS. 

Model  Housing  Law — ^Interior  Lots — 25%  of  the  depth  of  the 
lot  but  never  less  than  15  feet.  Increased  5%  of  the  above 
depth  for  each  story  above  three  and  decreased  5%  for  each 
story  below  three. 

*Corner  Lots — 15%  of  the  depth  of  the  lot  but  never  less 
than  15  feet.  Increased  5%  of  the  above  depth  for  each  story 
above  three  and  decreased  5%  for  each  story  below  three. 

Baltimore — Interior  Lots — Required  at  rear  of  every  tenement 
and  must  extend  across  entire  lot,  free  from  ground  to  sky. 
Minimum  width  12  feet.  Increased  one  foot  for  each  addi- 
tional 12  feet  above  60  feet  in  height  of  tenement. 

Corner  Lot — Lots  100  feet  in  depth,  minimum  10  feet. 
Lots  less  than  100  feet  in  depth,  10%  of  depth  of  lot  but  never 
less  than  five  feet. 

Boston — Interior  Lots — Every  tenement  (with  exceptions 
hereinafter  specified)  must  have  yard  across  entire  width  of 
lot  clear  from  ground  to  sky.  Tenement  50  feet  or  less,  12 
feet.  Increased  one  foot  for  additional  10  feet  or  fraction. 

Corner  Lots — Corner  lot  six  feet.  If  lot  is  over  25  feet 
wide,  yard  must  be  12  feet  for  the  excess  over  25  feet  and  in- 
crease as  above. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — If  lot  is  150  feet  in  depth  or  over, 
yard  must  be  left  midway  between  streets  across  entire  lot 
and  24  feet  deep.  Increased  two  feet  for  every  added  10  feet  or 
fraction  in  height  over  50  feet. 

Calgary — At  the  rear  of  every  lot,  there  shall  be  a  yard  open 
and  unobstructed  10  feet  wide.  Shall  be  increased  1%  of  lot 
area  for  every  story  above  three. 

Chicago — Interior  Lots — Every  tenement  unless  abutting  on 
public  alley  must  have  yard  at  rear,  minimum  10%  of  lot.  In- 
creased 1%  in  area  for  each  story  over  three.  Minimum  10 
feet. 

Corner  Lots — Minimum  8%  of  area  of  lot.  Increased  1% 
for  each  story  over  three.  Minimum  10  feet. 

Cincinnati — Interior  Lots — Yard  must  be  10  feet  wide.  If  lot 
abuts  on  an  alley,  half  the  alley  may  be  counted  as  a  yard,  but 
such  yard  must  be  11  feet  deep. 

Corner  Lots — Side  yards  four  feet  wide.  If  any  wall  ad- 
joining a  side  yard  exceeds  24  feet  in  height,  the  yard  must 
be  five  feet  wide.  Six  inches  added  for  every  additional  12 
feet  in  height.  In  yards  over  50  feet  deep,  the  width  shall  be 
increased  one  foot  for  every  10  feet  or  fraction  beyond  50  feet. 

51 


Yards. 

Columbus — Interior  Lots — Yard  must  be  18  feet  in  depth. 

Corner  Lots — Yard  must  be  15  feet  in  depth. 

fYard  for  private  dwelling  must  be  10  feet  in  depth. 
Detroit — Interior  Lots — Tenement  must  front  on  a  street  40 
feet  wide  or  an  alley  30  feet  wide  or  else  be  set  back  distance 
so  as  to  make  the  open  area  in  front  of  tenement  equal  to  these 
distances.  Tenement  must  have  rear  yard  15  feet,  with  one 
foot  added  for  each  additional  10  feet  in  height  of  building 
over  25  feet. 

Corner  Lots — Same  as  above. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — Need  not  have  yard  unless  rear 
street  or  alley  is  less  than  20  feet  wide,  in  which  case  yard 
must  be  of  sufficient  width  to  make  open  space  equal  to  that 
amount. 

Duluth — *Interior  Lots — Yards  must  be  10  feet  in  depth. 
Equal  to  at  least  10%  of  the  area  of  the  lot. 

*Corner  Lots — Same  as  Interior  Lots. 

Grand  Rapids — Interior  Lots — Yard  must  be  20%  of  depth 
and  area  of  lot.  Increased  3%  of  depth  of  lot  for  each  story 
above  two. 

Corner  Lots — Yard  must  be  10%  of  depth  and  area  of 
lot.  In  case  lot  is  bounded  by  streets  on  three  sides,  yard 
need  extend  only  to  median  line  of  the  lot.  Increased  3%  of 
depth  of  lot  for  each  story  above  two. 

Louisville — A  yard  behind  a  tenement  must  be  15  feet  in  depth 
for  three-story  building,  one  foot  added  for  each  additional 
story,  and  one  foot  less  for  each  story  below  three. 
Milwaukee — Interior    Lots — Depth    of    yard    must    be    one- 
fourth  the  height  of  building,  but  never  less  than  10  feet. 

Corner  Lots — 10  feet  unless  lot  is  less  than  100  feet  in 
depth,  when  it  shall  be  10%  of  lot,  but  never  less  than  five  feet. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — Need  no  yard. 

Minneapolis— Interior  Lots — Yard  must  be  10%  of  area  of  lot 
with  1%  added  for  every  story  above  three. 

Corner  Lots — 8%  of  area  with  1%  added  for  every  story 
above  three. 

New  Orleans — Interior  Lots — Every  tenement  50  feet  or  less 
in  height  shall  have  a  yard  not  less  than  .12  feet  in  every  part, 
to  be  increased  one  foot  for  every  additional  10  feet  in  height. 

Corner  Lots — Not  less  than  six  feet  in  every  part  for 
building  50  feet  in  height.  That  portion  of  lot  in  excess  to 
30  feet  shall  have  a  yard  12  feet  deep  to  be  increased  in  depth 
as  provided  for  interior  lots. 

52 


Yards. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — For  lot  150  feet  or  more  in  depth, 
space  of  24  feet  shall  be  left  midway  between  two  streets ;  to 
be  increased  two  feet  for  every  10  feet  additional  in  height  of 
building  over  50  feet. 

Pittsburgh — Interior  Lots — Yard  must  be  20%  of  area  and 
eight  feet  in  width. 

Corner  Lots — 10%  of  area  and  eight  feet  in  width. 
St.  Paul — Interior  Lots — Yard  must  be  10  feet  deep  for  four 
stories  on  inside  lot  and  extend  across  entire  lot.     Increased 
six  inches  for  every  added  story,  decreased  one  foot  for  every 
story  less  than  four. 

Corner  Lots — Must  be  five  feet  for  full  width  of  lot. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — If  lot  is  not  less  than  70  feet  nor 
more  than  120  feet,  there  shall  be  space  of  12  feet  midway  be- 
tween the  two  streets  across  the  entire  lot. 
Seattle — Interior  Lots — Yard  shall  not  be  less  than  one-eighth 
of  depth  of  lot,  minimum  five  feet.  Shall  be  increased  1%  of 
area  of  lot  for  each  story  above  three. 

Corner  Lots — Yard  shall  not  be  less  than  one-sixteenth 
of  depth  of  lot.  Need  not  be  increased  with  the  height  of 
building. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — If  lot  is  150  feet  or  more  in  depth, 
yard  shall  be  midway  between  streets.  It  shall  be  one-eighth 
of  depth  of  lot,  increased  1%  for  every  story  above  the  third. 
Toronto — Every  tenement  shall  have  a  yard  500  square  feet  in 
area  for  each  suite  of  apartments  on  the  floor  having  the  great- 
est number  of  suites. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Interior  Lots — Yard  must  be  10  feet  in 
depth  for  building  25  feet  high,  or  five  feet  where  5-foot  side 
yard  exists.  Three  inches  increase  for  each  additional  foot  in 
height  of  building.  On  lot  over  100  feet  deep  without  side 
yard,  6-inch  increase  for  each  foot,  except  that  one-half  of 
street  or  alley  adjacent  to  yard  may  be  included  in  same  with 
minimum  of  five  feet  unobstructed. 

Corner  Lots — Corner  lots  less  than  75  feet  deep  and  not 
over  50  feet  wide  need  no  yard. 

State  Laws. 

California — Interior  Lots — For  tenement  36  feet  high,  yard 
must  be  10  feet  in  depth;  48  feet  high,  yard  must  be  11  feet; 
60  feet  high,  yard  must  be  12  feet ;  two  feet  increase  for  every 
added  12  feet. 

Corner  Lots — Yard  must  be  10  feet  except  lots  less  than 
100  feet  in  depth,  when  they  may  be  10%  of  lot,  but  never  less 
than  five  feet. 

53 


Yards. 


Street  to  Street  Lots — One-half  width  of  street  or  alley 
may  be  included  in  depth  of  yard  required  for  lots  150  feet  or 
less,  but  said  one-half  must  not  exceed  in  width  the  depth  of 
the  yard  required  for  such  lot.  One-half  of  rear  street  or  alley 
may  be  included  in  percentage  of  lot  left  uncovered,  but  por- 
tions of  such  street  must  not  more  than  equal  the  depth  of 
the  yard.  A  lot  surrounded  on  four  sides  by  streets  20  feet 
wide  needs  no  yard  if  building  does  not  occupy  more  than 
75%  of  lot  and  contains  an  outer  court  at  least  80  feet  deep 
with  a  width  twice  as  great  as  the  depth  prescribed  for  yards 
on  interior  lots,  except  that  such  outer  court  need  not  be  of 
such  a  depth  as  to  leave  less  than  50  feet  between  the  rear 
line  of  the  court  and  the  lot  behind  such  court. 
Connecticut — Interior  Lots — Yard  must  be  11  feet  in  depth 
for  two-story  tenement.  Increased  one  foot  for  every  addi- 
tional story  above  two  in  height  of  building. 

Corner,  Lots — Yard  must  be  10  feet  in  depth.  Lots  less 
than  100  feet  in  depth,  yard  may  be  10%  of  depth  of  lot,  but 
never  less  than  seven  feet. 

Indiana — Interior  Lots — Yard  shall  be  25  feet  in  depth,  except 
lots  less  than  100  feet  in  depth,  25%  of  depth  of  lot  but  never 
less  than  10  feet. 

Corner  Lots — 15  feet  in  depth.  Corner  lots  bordering  on 
three  streets  need  have  yard  only  half  way  across  lot.  Corner 
lots  with  average  depth  of  less  than  100  feet  need  no  yard  if 
the  ground  floor  structure  extends  from  street  to  street. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — Lots  which  exceed  100  feet  in  aver- 
age depth  shall  have  the  yard  at  the  rear  abutting  on  the  street 
or  directly  across  the  center  of  the  lot.  Lots  100  feet  or  less  in 
width  need  no  yard. 

Massachusetts — City  Interior  Lots — Yard  must  be  15  feet  in 
depth  for  tenement  three  stories  or  less.  Five  feet  increase  for 
each  added  story. 

Town — Yard  must  be  25  feet  in  depth  for  tenement  three 
stories  or  less.  Five  feet  increase  for  each  added  story. 

City — Corner  Lots — 10  feet  in  depth  for  tenement  three 
stories  or  less.  Two  feet  increase  for  each  added  story. 

Town — 15  feet  in  depth  for  tenement  three  stories  or  less. 
Five  feet  increase  for  each  added  story. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — City — Tenement  bounded  on  every 
side  by  street  needs  no  yard. 

New  Jersey — Interior  Lots — Minimum  depth  of  yard,  14  feet. 
For  tenement  50  feet  high,  16  feet.  Increased  1  foot  for  each 
additional  12  feet  or  fraction  over  50  feet  in  height  of  tenement. 

54 


Yards. 

Corner  Lots — 10  feet,  provided  if  lot  is  less  than  100  feet 
in  depth,  yard  may  be  10%  of  depth  but  never  less  than  5  feet. 
If  lot  is  over  50  feet  wide,  excess  over  50  feet  must  conform  to 
yards  for  interior  lots. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — For  lots  70  to  100  feet  yard  midway 
between  streets  and  16  feet  across  entire  width  of  lot.  For 
lots  over  100  feet  deep,  yard  shall  conform  to  requirements  for 
inner  courts. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Interior  Lots — Yard  must  be 
12  feet  deep  in  every  part  when  tenement  is  60  feet  in  height. 
Decreased  1  foot  for  every  12  feet  less  than  60,  increased  1  foot 
for  every  12  feet  or  fraction  more  than  60.  Yards  behind  tene- 
ment house  on  an  interior  lot  can  never  be  less  than  10  feet. 

Corner  Lots — 10  feet  in  depth  unless  lot  is  less  than  100 
feet  in  depth,  when  yard  must  be  10%  of  lot  but  never  less 
than  5  feet  nor  less  than  the  width  of  an  outer  court  on  the  lot 
line  for  a  building  of  similar  type.  Portion  of  lot  in  excess  of 
50  feet  in  width  is  treated  as  an  interior  lot  in  so  far  as  yard 
depth  is  concerned. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — For  tenement  60  feet  high  if  lot  is 
not  less  than  70  feet  nor  more  than  105  feet  in  depth  there  shall 
be  yard  space  of  12  feet  midway  between  the  two  streets  across 
full  width  of  lot.  If  lot  is  more  than  105  feet  in  depth,  a  yard 
space  of  24  feet  is  required  midway,  etc.  These  yard  spaces 
are  increased  or  decreased  1  foot  in  depth  for  each  12  feet  or 
fraction  increase  or  decrease  in  height  of  tenement. 

Second  Class  Cities — ^Interior  Lots — For  lots  over  60 
feet  in  depth,  yard  must  be  30  feet  in  depth.  For  lots  under 
60  feet  in  depth,  15  feet.  Five  feet  increase  for  every  story 
above  three  and  five  feet  decrease  for  every  story  less  than 
three. 

*Corner  Lots — Yard  must  be  15  feet  in  depth.  For  corner 
lots  with  streets  on  three  sides,  yard  need  be  only  half  way 
across  lot.  Five  feet  increase  for  every  story  above  three  and 
five  feet  decrease  for  every  story  below  three  in  height  of  build- 
ing. 

Wisconsin — Interior  Lots — Depth  of  yard  shall  be  equal  to 
one-fourth  of  height  of  building  above  ground  level  but  never 
less  than  10  feet. 

Corner  Lots — Not  less  than  10  feet  deep  except  it  may  be 
10'%  of  depth  of  lots  less  than  100  feet  in  depth,  but  never  less 
than  5  feet. 

Street  to  Street  Lots — See  Interior  Lots. 

55 


OUTER  LOT  LINE  COURTS. 

Baltimore — The  least  width  of  every  narrow  open  court  in  a 
tenement  which  opens  to  the  outside  air  at  the  end  only  shall 
not  be  less  than  75%  of  the  minimum  width  of  inner  courts. 
Such  courts  shall  not  be  longer  than  six  times  their  mean 
width. 

Boston — For  tenement  50  feet  or  less  in  height,  court  must 
be  6  feet.  Increased  1  foot  for  each  additional  10  feet  or  frac- 
tion in  height  over  50  feet ;  except  when  court  runs  from  street 
to  street,  never  less  than  one-eighth  of  the  length  of  the  court. 
Every  court  must  be  open  to  the  sky  unobstructed. 
Chicago — Minimum,  one-half  the  requirements  for  inner 
courts. 

Columbus — Court  must  be  10  feet  wide  for  two  story  tene- 
ment. Two  feet  more  for  each  additional  story.  May  have  one- 
half  on  abutting  premises  providing  owners  agree  to  keep  it 
free. 

fCourts  for  dwelling  houses  one-half  as  provided  for  tene- 
ment houses. 

Duluth — Two  story  tenement  must  have  court  10  feet  wide ; 
2  feet  more  for  each  additional  story.  May  have  one-half  on 
abutting  premises  provided  owners  agree  to  keep  it  free. 

tCourt  for  dwelling  houses  one-half  as  provided  for  tene- 
ment houses. 

Grand  Rapids— *See  "Outer  Courts." 

Louisville — Same  as  "Inner  Lot  Line  Courts"  except  that 
width  may  be  less  than  10  feet  if  depth  is  not  more  than  twice 
the  width.  If  owner  agrees  to  keep  adjoining  property  free,  it 
may  be  counted  as  yard.  Shall  be  four  feet  in  width  for  tene- 
ments four  stories  and  basement  in  height,  increased  six  inches 
for  every  additional  story  and  decreased  1  foot  for  every  story 
below  four. 

Milwaukee — For  two  story  tenement,  court  shall  be  3  feet 
wide.  One  foot  added  for  each  additional  story. 

Minneapolis — 

Height  of  court  Least  width  Least  Area 

1  story  3  feet  50  square  feet 

2  stories  3     "  60        " 

3  "  4    "  80 

4  "  4     "  80       " 

5  "  6    "  130       " 

6  8     "  200 

7  "  10    "  312.5     " 

8  "  12    "  420       " 

56 


Outer  Lot  Line  Courts. 

New  Orleans — Tenements  50  feet  high  must  have  court  6  feet 
wide,  to  be  increased  1  foot  in  width  for  every  10  feet  addi- 
tional in  height  of  building. 

St.  Paul — Court  shall  be  4  feet  wide  for  four  story  tenement. 
For  every  additional  story,  6  inches  increase.     One  foot  de- 
crease for  every  story  less  than  four. 
Seattle— See  "Outer  Courts." 

State  Laws. 
California — 

Number  of  stories  Width  of  court 

2  stories 4      feet 

3  " 4/2     " 

4     "     sy2   " 

5  "       6 

6  "       8 

7  "       10 

Sormore 12 

Connecticut — Court  must  be  4  feet  in  every  part  for  two  story 
tenement;  increased  1  foot  for  every  additional  story  above 
two  in  height  of  building. 

Indiana — For  a  one  or  two  story  building,  court  shall  be  10 
feet  wide,  with  an  increase  of  two  feet  for  each  additional 
story.  If  the  entire  length  of  court  adjoins  a  court  of  equal  or 
greater  width  on  abutting  premises  it  may  be  one-half  the 
minimum  width  described  above,  provided  the  owner  agrees  to 
keep  adjoining  court  free. 

Massachusetts — For  three  story  tenement  or  less,  court  shall 
be  10  feet  in  width.  2  feet  increase  for  each  additional  story. 
New  Jersey — For  tenement  exceeding  three  stories,  court  shall 
be  2  feet  8  inches  wide.  If  over  36  feet  deep  and  not  extending 
from  street  to  yard,  increased  6  inches  for  each  additional  15 
feet,  except  tenements  not  exceeding  three  stories  in  height 
and  not  occupied  by  more  than  eight  families  or  by  more  than 
two  families  on  any  floor,  and  in  which  each  apartment  ex- 
tends from  street  to  yard,  width  shall  be  2  feet  8  inches  run- 
ning parallel  with  one  wall  and  where  court  exceeds  65  feet  in 
depth,  width  shall  be  increased  1  foot  for  every  additional  30 
feet  or  fraction. 

New  York— First  Class  Cities— For  tenement  60  feet  high, 
court  shall  be  6  feet  wide.  For  every  additional  12  feet  or 
fraction  in  height,  an  increase  of  6  inches.  Width  of  court  de- 
creased 6  inches  for  every  12  feet  less  than  60  in  height  of 
building. 

57 


Outer  Lot  Line  Courts. 

Except  tenements  not  over  four  stories  and  cellar  in 
height,  not  occupied  by  more  than  eight  families  or  by  more 
than  two  families  on  any  floor,  and  in  which  each  apartment 
extends  through  from  street  to  yard,  the  width  shall  not  be 
less  than  4  feet  in  any  part,  provided  length  of  court  does  not 
exceed  36  feet. 

*Second  Class  Cities- 
Height  of  Building         Minimum  width  of  court 

1  story 6  feet 

2  stories 8      " 

3  "       .., 10     " 

4  "       12      " 

5  " 16     " 

4  feet  increase  for  each  additional  story. 
Pennsylvania — See  "Outer  Courts." 

Wisconsin — Court  shall  be  3  feet  wide  for  buildings  two 
stones  or  less  in  height;  increased  1  foot  for  each  additional 
story. 


58 


INNER  LOT  LINE  COURTS. 

Model   Law — See   "Space    Between    Buildings   on   Adjoining 

Lots." 

Baltimore — See  "Inner  Courts." 

Boston — For  tenement  50  feet  or  less  in  height,  court  must  be 

8  feet  wide  and  128  square  feet  in  area.     Increased  1  foot  for 

each  added  10  feet  or  fraction  thereof  in  height  of  tenement 

over  50  feet,  and  area  never  less  than  twice  the  square  of  such 

dimensions. 

Chicago — Minimum  one-half  requirements  for  "Inner  Courts." 

Cincinnati — Side  Courts  never  less  than  8  feet  in  width  and  20 

feet  in  depth.    Where  any  wall  adjoining  side  court  is  over  36 

feet  in  height,  width  and  depth  of  court  shall  be  increased  6 

inches  for  every  12  feet  or  fraction. 

Columbus — ^Length   shall  be  twice  the   minimum   width   of 

courts  as  in  "Outer  Lot  Line  Courts." 

Duluth — *Length  shall  be  twice  the  minimum  width  of  court 

as  for  "Outer  Lot  Line  Courts." 

Grand  Rapids— *See  "Inner  Courts." 

Louisville — Court  shall  be  6  feet  in  width  and  72  square  feet 
in  area  for  tenement  four  stories  and  basement  in  height;  in- 
creased 6  inches  in  width  and  10  square  feet  in  area  for  each 
additional  story  and  decreased  6  inches  in  width  and  10  square 
feet  in  area  for  each  story  below  four.  Court  shall  be  10  feet 
wide  if  tenement  is  not  more  than  three  stories,  and  at  least 
200  square  feet  in  area.  Width  increased  1  foot  for  each  story 
and  area  20  square  feet. 

Milwaukee — Court  shall  be  6  feet  in  width  and  60  square  feet 
in  area  for  two  stories  and  increased  1  foot  in  length  and  width 
for  every  added  story. 

Minneapolis — See  "Inner  Courts." 

New  Orleans — Court  shall  be  8  feet  wide  for  building  50  feet 
in  height.  Shall  not  have  less  than  128  square  feet  area.  For 
every  additional  10  feet  in  height  of  building,  court  shall  be 
increased  1  foot  in  width. 

Seattle — Lot  Line  Courts  shall  be  three-fourths  the  width  of 
interior  courts  and  the  length  shall  be  equal  to  the  width.  If 
a  fireproof  building  over  four  stories  high  is  built  so  that  its 
court  adjoins,  for  a  distance  equal  to  twice  the  required  width, 
the  court  of  a  lower  fireproof  building,  the  court  of  the  higher 
building  need  not  be  greater  in  area  than  the  court  of  the  lower 
building.  The  area  of  each  story  above  the  third  in  non-fire- 
proof tenement  shall  be  1%  of  the  lot  area  greater  than  the 
area  of  the  courts  of  the  floor  immediately  below.  A  court 

59 


Inner  Lot  Line  Courts. 

when  covered  by  a  skylight  shall  have  the  width  increased 

25%. 

State  Laws. 
California — 

Stories  Width  of  court  Area  of  court 

2  4  feet  50  square  feet 

3  6    "  72       " 

4  7     "  105 

5  9    "  180       " 

6  12    "  300       " 

7  14    "  490       " 

8  17    "  595 

Except  when  only  windows  of  kitchens  with  floor  area  of 
75  square  feet  and  of  bath  rooms  or  toilets  open  on  lot  line 
courts  and  the  court  is  open  from  bottom  to  sky,  it  shall  have 
the  following  areas : 

Stories          Width  of  court  Area  of  court 

2  4  feet  50  square  feet 

3  4  "  50 

4  6  "  60       "         « 

5  9  "  108 

6  12  "  144       " 

7  14  "  168 

8  15  "  225 

Connecticut — Court  shall  be  5  feet  in  every  part,  and  the  hori- 
zontal dimension  not  less  than  10  feet  for  two  story  tenement. 
18  inches  increase  in  width  and  3  feet  in  length  for  every  added 
story. 

Indiana — Same  as  for  "Outer  Lot  Line  Courts." 

New  Jersey — For  tenement  over  four  stories  in  height,  court 

shall  be  8  feet  wide  and  14  feet  long.    Increased  6  inches  in 

width  and  1  foot  in  length  for  each  added  12  feet  over  50  feet 

high.     Decreased  proportionately  for  tenement  under  50  feet 

high. 

Four  story  tenement  as  above  except  where  apartments 
run  from  street  to  yard,  and  for  not  more  than  eight  families, 
width  may  be  decreased  to  6  feet.  For  tenement  not  more 
than  three  stories  high,  minimum  width,  4  feet,  length  10  feet. 

New  York — *First  Class  Cities — When  inner  court  is  situated 
on  lot  line,  it  shall  be  12  feet  bjy  24  feet  for  tenement  60  feet 
in  height.  Increased  6  by  12  inches  for  every  additional  12 

60 


Inner  Lot  Line  Courts. 

feet  or  fraction  in  height  of  building.  Decrease  6  by  12  inches 
for  every  decrease  of  12  feet  in  height  of  building,  except  tene- 
ment not  over  four  stories  and  cellar  in  height  nor  occupied 
by  more  than  eight  families  nor  more  than  two  families  on 
any  floor,  and  in  which  each  apartment  extends  through  from 
street  to  yard  and  which  do  not  occupy  more  than  72%  of  the 
lot  shall  be  8  feet  by  14  feet. 

Second  Class  Cities — Twice  the  minimum  width  of  "Outer 
Lot  Line  Courts." 

Wisconsin — Court  two  stories  or  less  in  height  shall  be  6  feet 
wide  and  60  square  feet  in  area ;  increased  1  foot  in  length  and 
width  for  each  additional  story. 


61 


INNER  COURTS. 
*Model  Law — 

Height  of  building 

1  story 

2  stories 

3  " 

4  " 

5  " 

and  shall  increase  2  feet  for  each  additional  story  above  five. 

The  length  of  an  inner  court  shall  never  be  less  than  twice 
the  minimum  width. 

The  length  of  an  inner  court  shall  never  be  greater  than 
four  times  its  width. 

Baltimore — 

Stories       Minimum  area  of  court     Minimum  width  of  court 


Width  of  court 

6  feet 

7  " 

8  " 

9  " 
11     " 


2  100  square  feet 

3  150  " 

4  225 

5  300 

6  350  " 

7  540  " 

8  750  " 

9  1,100  " 
10  1,600  " 


6  feet 

7  " 


9 
11 
13 
16 
20 
24 


Boston — For  tenement  50  feet  or  less  high,  minimum  width  of 
court  shall  be  16  feet,  area  not  less  than  256  square  feet.  In- 
creased 2  feet  for  each  additional  10  feet  or  fraction  over  50 
feet  in  height.  Area  never  less  than  the  square  of  such  mini- 
mum dimensions. 


Minimum  width  of  court     Minimum  area 
6  feet  100  square  feet 


Chicagc 

Height  of  building 
1 


story 

2  stories 

3  " 


6  120 

8     '  160 

4  "  8     '  160 

5  "  12     '  260 

6  "  16     '  400 

7  "  20     '  625 

8  or  more  24     '  840 

Court  shall  have  opening  to  street  2  feet  wide  and  15  feet 
high  (except  tenements  on  lots  25  feet  in  width  which  can 
have  lot  line  court  of  50  square  feet  if  two  stories,  60  square 
feet  if  three  stories  high).  (Except  three  story  tenement  which 
can  have  a  3  foot  wide  continuous  lot  line  passage  open  to  sky 
if  on  a  25  foot  wide  lot,  and  a  3^  foot  passage  if  on  a  lot  30 
feet  wide.) 

62 


Inner  Courts. 

Cincinnati — Same  as  for  "Inner  Lot  Line  Courts." 
Columbus — *Same  as  "Inner  Lot  Line  Courts." 
Detroit- 
Height  of  building        Width  of  court  Area 

2  stories  8  feet  100  square  feet 

3  "  9    "  150       " 

4  9     "  210 

5  "  10  "  290 

6  "  11  "  400       " 

7  "  13  "  550 

8  "  16  "  750 

9  "  20  "  1,050 

10      "  24    "  1,500       " 

Duluth — *Same  as  "Inner  Lot  Line  Courts." 

Grand  Rapids — Court  for  one  story  tenement  shall  be  5  feet 
wide.  Increased  2  feet  in  width  for  each  additional  story. 
Length  shall  never  be  more  than  the  minimum  width. 

Louisville — Court  shall  be  12  feet  in  its  least  horizontal  dimen- 
sion for  tenements  four  stories  and  basement  in  height.  In- 
creased 1  foot  in  dimension  for  each  additional  story,  decreased 
6  inches  for  every  story  below  four. 

Milwaukee — Court  shall  be  10  feet  in  width  and  150  square 
feet  in  area  for  two  stories  in  height.  Increase  of  1  foot  in 
length  and  width  for  every  additional  story. 

Minneapolis — 

Height  of  court       Least  width       Least  area 

1  story  6  feet         100  square  feet 

2  stories  6    "  120       " 

3  "  8  "  160 

4  "  8  "  160 

5  "  12  "  260       " 

6  "  16  "  400 

7  "  20  "  625 

8  "  24  "  840       " 

New  Orleans — Court  shall  be  16  feet  wide  and  256  square  feet 
in  area.  Width  to  be  increased  2  feet  for  every  additional  10 
feet  in  height  of  building. 

Pittsburgh — Inner  courts  shall  be  10  feet  wide. 

St.  Paul — Court  shall  be  not  less  than  6  feet  wide  and  12  feet 
long.  Increased  six  inches  for  every  story  above  four. 

63 


Inner  Courts. 


Seatth 


Height  of  building         Width  of  court 


1  story 

2  stories 

3  " 

4  " 

5  " 

6  " 


5  feet 

6  " 

7  " 

8  " 

9  " 
10    " 


Two  feet  increase  in  width  for  each  added  story  above  the 
sixth.  The  area  of  each  story  above  the  third  in  non-fireproof 
tenement  shall  be  1%  of  the  lot  area  greater  than  the  area  of 
the  courts  of  the  floor  immediately  below.  A  court  when  cov- 
ered by  a  skylight  shall  have  the  width  increased  25%. 

Washington,  D.  C. — For  building  25  feet  in  height,  width  of 
court  must  be  at  least  5  feet  and  area  65  square  feet.  Three 
inches  added  to  each  dimension  for  each  foot  of  increased 
height. 


California — 


State  Laws. 

Height  Width  of  court 

2  stories  6  feet 

3  "  7  " 

4  "  8  " 

5  "  •  12  " 

6  "  16  " 

7  "  20  " 

8  "  24  " 


Area 

75  square  feet 
120   " 
160   " 
250 

400   " 
625 
840   " 


Except  when  windows  only  of  kitchens  with  75  square 
feet  floor  area  and  bathrooms  and  toilets  open  on  a  court  open 
from  bottom  to  sky,  it  shall  have  the  following  areas : 


Height 
2  stories 
3 
4 

5 
6 
7 
8 


Width  of  court 

6  feet 

7  " 

8  " 
12  " 
16  " 
20  " 
20  " 


Area 

75  square  feet 
84   " 
112 

144  " 
240  " 
360  " 
400  " 


Connecticut — Least  dimension  of  court  for  two  story  tene- 
ment shall  be  10  feet,  and  three  feet  increase  in  each  dimension 
for  each  added  story. 

Indiana — Court  shall  be  20  feet  for  a  one  or  two  story  build- 
ing with  an  increase  of  2  feet  for  each  additional  story. 

64 


Inner  Courts. 

Massachusetts — A  two  story  tenement  must  have  court  10 
feet  in  width.  Two  feet  increase  for  each  additional  story. 
Length  must  be  twice  the  width. 

New  Jersey — For  tenement  more  than  four  stories,  minimum 
dimension  of  court  shall  be  24  feet.  Increased  1  foot  in  horizon- 
tal dimension  for  each  added  12  feet  in  height  of  tenement 
over  50  feet.  Diminished  proportionately  for  tenement  less 
than  50  feet  in  height. 

Four  story  tenement  as  above  except  where  apartments 
extend  from  street  to  yard  and  are  for  not  more  than  eight 
families,  court  may  be  decreased  to  14  feet  in  dimension. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Inner  courts  enclosed  on  all 
sides  shall  be  24  feet  each  way  for  building  60  feet  high.  One 
foot  increase  for  every  additional  12  feet  in  height.  Decrease 
1  foot  for  every  12  feet  or  fraction  less  than  60  in  height  of 
building. 

*Second  Class  Cities — See  "Inner  Lot  Line  Courts." 
Pennsylvania — Prohibited. 

Wisconsin — Courts  two  stories  or  less  in  height  shall  be  10 
feet  in  width  and  150  square  feet  in  area;  increased  1  foot  in 
length  and  width  for  every  additional  story. 


65 


INTAKES. 

Model  Law — *Every  inner  court  shall  have  two  or  more  hori- 
zontal air  intakes  at  the  bottom.  One  such  intake  shall  always 
communicate  directly  with  the  street  or  front  yard  and  one 
with  the  rear  yard,  and  each  shall  be  three  feet  wide  and 
seven  feet  high  and  shall  be  left  open  or  provided  with  an 
open  gate. 

Baltimore — For  tenement  over  two  stories,  intake  must  be  2y2 
by  6y2  feet.  If  area  of  inner  court  of  tenement  exceeds  340 
square  feet,  intake  must  be  5%  of  court  area. 

Boston — Every  inner  court  must  have  one  or  more  horizontal 
intakes  at  bottom ;  in  vent  courts  not  less  than  4  square 
feet,  and  others  not  less  than  3  feet  by  7  feet.  Latter  must 
have  two  grilled  doors. 

Chicago — Intakes  must  connect  with  a  street,  alley,  yard  or 
court  and  be  at  least  3%  of  size  of  vent  shaft  and  at  least  100 
square  inches  in  area. 

Columbus — *Inner  courts  which  extend  through  more,  than 
two  stories  shall  have  fireproof  open  passages  3  feet  wide  and 
7  teet  high. 

Detroit — Every  inner  court  shall  have  intake  at  the  ground 
level  3  feet  wide  and  6*/2  feet  high  connecting  it  with  street, 
alley,  or  yard.  80%  of  intake  must  be  kept  open  to  the  air. 
Duluth — *Inner  courts  of  more  than  two  stories  in  height  shall 
have  fresh  air  intakes  2  feet  by  5  feet.  The  intake  shall  com- 
municate with  the  street  or  yard. 

Grand  Rapids — *Every  inner  court  must  have  two  or  more 
horizontal  air  intakes,  one  connecting  directly  with  the  street 
or  front  yard  and  one  with  the  rear  yard.  They  shall  be  3  feet 
wide  and  7  feet  high  and  be  left  open. 

Louisville — Every  inner  court  shall  have  one  vent  shaft  3'5 
square  feet  in  area  of  cross  section  which  shall  open  on  street, 
yard  or  alley. 

Milwaukee — Inner  courts  shall  have  intake  from  street  or  yard 
in  area  equal  to  two  one-thousandths  of  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  in  court. 

Minneapolis — Intakes  must  be  3%  of  area  of  vent  shaft  and 
at  least  100  square  inches  connecting  with  street  or  court. 
New  Orleans — In  vent  courts,  intake  shall  not  be  less  than  4 
square  feet  in  area.    In  other  inner  courts,  not  less  than  3  feet 
wide  and  7  feet  high.    Shall  be  approved  by  City  Engineer. 
Pittsburgh — Intakes  must  open  into  street  or  yard. 
Seattle — Interior   or   party    line    courts,    unless    having    50% 

66 


Intakes. 

greater  area  than  required  must  have  a  vent  duct  equal  in  area 
to  5%  of  the  area  of  the  court,  except  in  buildings  not  over 
three  stories  high. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Every  inner  court  shall  have  one  or  more 
horizontal  intakes  at  the  bottom  and  connecting  directly  with 
street  or  yard,  with  area  10%  of  cross  section  of  area  of  court. 

State  Laws. 

California — Inner  and  lot  line  courts  shall  have  horizontal  in- 
take 3  feet  wide  and  6y2  feet  high,  communicating  directly  with 
street  or  yard.  Shall  have  open  transoms  at  each  end  10 
square  feet.  If  court  does  not  go  below  second  floor,  open  in- 
take shall  be  16  square  feet. 

Connecticut — Every  inner  court  shall  have  intake  communi- 
cating with  the  street,  or  yard,  which  shall  consist  of  a  pas- 
sageway not  less  than  10  square  feet  in  area. 

Massachusetts — City — Tenement  four  stories  or  under  shall 
have  fireproof  open  intake  3  feet  wide  and  7  feet  high.  Tene- 
ment more  than  four  stories  high  shall  have  two  such  intakes. 
Town — All  tenements  shall  have  one  open  intake  3  feet 
by  7  feet  to  street  and  one  to  yard. 

New  Jersey — Every  inner  court  shall  have  intake  with  mini- 
mum dimensions  3  feet  wide  and  7  feet  high.  Must  have  two 
grilles  each. 

New  York — *First  Class  Cities — There  shall  be  a  fireproof 
passageway  3  feet  by  7  feet  leading  direct  to  yard  or  street. 

Second  Class  Cities — Every  inner  court  shall  have  two 
open  air  intakes  3  feet  wide  and  7  feet  high. 

Wisconsin — Area  shall  be  equal  to  two  one-thousandths  of  the 
number  of  cubic  feet  in  the  court  and  shall  connect  with  the 
street  or  yard. 


67 


OUTER  COURTS. 

Model  Law — See  "Inner  Courts." 

Baltimore — See  Outer  Lot  Line  Courts  and  Inner  Courts. 

Boston — For  tenement  50  feet  or  less  high,  minimum  width 
shall  be  12  feet.  Increased  2  feet  for  each  additional  10  feet 
or  fraction  in  height.  Depth  shall  never  exceed  four  times  the 
width. 

Chicago —  Height  Least  width 

1  story  3  feet 

2  stories  3     " 

3  "  4     " 

4  «  4    « 

5  "  6  " 

6  "  8  " 

7  "  10  " 

8  "  12  " 

Cincinnati — Court  shall  be  four  feet  in  width  and  not  over  12 
feet  in  depth  when  windows  are  at  the  end  only.  When  win- 
dows are  on  the  side,  court  must  be  8  feet  wide. 

Columbus — *Same  as  "Outer  Lot  Line  Courts." 

Detroit — Shall  be  two-thirds  of  the  dimensions  of  Inner 
Courts. 

Duluth — *Same  as  "Outer  Lot  Line  Courts."  Length  cannot 
be  over  twice  its  width  provided  it  is  not  a  court  from  street 
to  yard. 

Grand  Rapids — *For  one-story  tenement,  5  feet ;  increased 
2  feet  for  each  additional  story.  Length  shall  never  be  greater 
than  twice  the  minimum  width. 

Louisville — See  "Outer  Lot  Line  Courts."  For  tenements  four 
stories  and  basement  in  height,  court  shall  be  18  feet  in  width, 
and  for  every  additional  story,  width  shall  be  increased  6 
inches.  For  every  story  less  than  four,  width  may  be  de- 
creased 1  foot. 

Milwaukee — Court  must  be  8  feet  in  every  part  provided  it 
does  not  exceed  36  feet  in  length  in  four-story  building  or  less. 
For  each  additional  story  in  height  or  for  each  additional  10 
feet  in  length  of  court,  width  shall  be  increased  1  foot. 

Minneapolis — The  same  width  as  "Outer  Lot  Line  Courts." 

New  Orleans — For  tenement  50  feet  high,  court  must  be  12 
feet  wide.  Increased  2  feet  for  every  additional  10  feet  in 
height  of  building. 

68 


Outer  Courts. 

Pittsburgh — Court  must  be  10  feet  in  width. 

St.  Paul — Court  shall  be  not  less  than  4  feet.  Increased  6 
inches  throughout  entire  height  for  every  added  story  above 
four. 

Seattle— Width  shall  be  7S%  of  width  of  "Interior  Courts." 
Court  shall  not  be  longer  than  five  times  the  width.  A  court 
when  covered  by  a  skylight  shall  have  the  minimum  width  in- 
creased 25%. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Court  25  feet  in  length  for  a  building  25 
feet  high  shall  be  4*/2  feet  in  width ;  one-fourth  inch  added  for 
each  additional  foot  of  length,  1  inch  for  each  additional  foot 
of  height. 

State  Laws. 
California — 

Stories         Width  of  court         Maximum  length 

2  4       feet  16  feet 

3  4*/2    "  25     " 

4  sy2   "  30   " 

5  6  35     " 

6  8  35     " 

7  10  40    " 

8  12  40    " 

Length  shall  not  be  more  than  maximum  unless  6  inches 
be  added  to  minimum  width  for  each  additional  5  feet  in 
length  of  court. 

Connecticut — Court  shall  be  8  feet  in  width  for  two-story 
tenement.  Increased  2  feet  per  story. 

Indiana — Court  shall  be  10  feet  wide  for  a  one  or  two  story 
building.  Increased  2  feet  for  each  additional  story. 

Massachusetts — Court  shall  be  10  feet  in  width  for  two  story 
tenement  with  2  feet  increase  for  each  additional  story.  Length 
may  not  be  more  than  twice  its  minimum  width  except  in  city 
tenements  having  intakes. 

New  Jersey — For  tenement  over  three  stories,  minimum  width 
shall  be  4  feet,  increased  6  inches  for  each  additional  15  feet  or 
fraction  over  36  feet  in  depth.  For  tenement  not  over  three 
stories  where  apartments  run  from  street  to  yard  and  for  not 
more  than  eight  families,  dimensions  as  above  but  increased 
two  feet  for  each  additional  30  feet  over  65  feet  in  depth. 

New  York — *First  Class  Cities — Court  shall  be  not  less  than 
12  feet  in  any  part  for  tenement  60  feet  in  height.  Increase  1 

69 


Outer  Courts. 


foot  for  every  additional  12  feet  or  fraction  in  height.  De- 
crease 1  foot  for  every  12  feet  decrease  in  height  of  building. 

Second  Class  Cities — Length  shall  not  be  greater  than 
twice  the  width. 

Pennsylvania — Outer  courts  must  be  at  least  12  feet  wide. 

Wisconsin — In  buildings  four  stories  or  less  in  height,  when 
court  is  not  over  36  feet  in  length,  the  width  shall  be  8  fjeet; 
increased  1  foot  for  every  additional  story.  For  every  10  feet 
increase  in  length  of  such  courts,  the  entire  width  shall  be  in- 
creased 1  foot,  and  such  increase  in  width  shall  be  cumulative. 


70 


REAR  TENEMENTS. 

Model  Law — *Rear  dwelling  may  be  erected  provided  it  is  not 
over  two  stories  high  and  has  space  between  it  and  other  build- 
ings as  given  in  ''Building  on  Same  Lot." 

Baltimore — Rear  tenements  forbidden  unless  rear  of  lot  abuts 
on  street  40  feet  wide. 

Calgary — *Prohibited. 

Chicago — Forbidden  except  on  corner  lots. 

Columbus — Tenement  must  have  one  side  fronting  on  a  street. 

fDwelling  must  have  one  side  fronting  on  a  street,  except 
that  it  may  face  on  a  general  court  30  feet  wide  which  opens 
on  a  street.  The  depth  of  such  court  must  not  be  greater  than 
twice  the  width. 

Duluth — Tenement  must  have  one  side  fronting  on  a  street. 

fDwelling  must  have  one  side  fronting  on  a  street  except 
that  it  may  face  on  a  general  court  30  feet  wide  which  opens 
on  a  street.  The  depth  of  such  court  must  not  be  greater  than 
twice  the  width. 

Grand  Rapids — Prohibited. 

Seattle — No  tenement  may  be  built  on  the  rear  of  an  inside  lot 
unless  there  is  a  straight  passageway  to  the  street  equal  in 
width  to  one-fifth  of  the  width  of  the  lot. 

Toronto — No  tenement  shall  be  erected  on  any  street,  lane, 
alley  or  other  place  less  than  40  feet  in  width  unless  such  street 
is  a  public  highway. 

Washington,  D.  C. — A  building  on  a  court,  or  alley  cannot  be 
higher  than  the  distance  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  open 
space  on  which  it  fronts.  Tenement  cannot  be  placed  on  any 
alley  less  than  30  feet  wide  and  not  supplied  with  sewerage, 
water  mains  and  light. 

State  Laws. 

California — Rear  tenements  shall  have  direct  access  to  street 
or  alley  16  feet  wide  through  a  passageway  not  less  than  5 
feet  wide  and  7  feet  high. 

Connecticut — Rear  tenements  forbidden  except  by  special  per- 
mission of  Board  of  Fire  Commissioners  and  Board  of  Health 
and  then  must  be  30  feet  between. 

Indiana — Prohibited. 

Massachusetts — City — Prohibited. 

71 


Rear  Tenements. 


Town — Tenement  must   have   unobstructed   frontage   on 
street  not  less  than  20  feet  wide. 

New  Jersey — Prohibited  on  same  lot  with  another  tenement. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Second  tenement  may  not  be 
erected  in  front  or  rear  of  lot  50  feet  or  less  wide. 

Second  Class  Cities — Cannot  be  over  two  stories  and  must 
comply  with  "Buildings  on  the  same  lot." 

Pennsylvania — Prohibited. 


72 


BUILDINGS  ON  SAME  LOT. 
Model  Law — 

*Height  of  building     Distance  between  two  buildings 

1  story  20  feet 

2  stories  30    " 

3  "  30     " 

4  "  35     " 

5  "  40    " 
5  feet  for  every  additional  story. 

Baltimore — If  lower  tenement  is  one  story,  space  between 
must  be  10  feet  wide,  if  lower  tenement  is  two  stories,  15  feet, 
if  three  stories,  20  feet,  and  four  stories,  25  feet. 
Boston — No  building  shall  be  so  placed  as  to  decrease  mini- 
mum depth  or  size  of  yards  or  courts.  Wooden  building  on 
land  of  the  same  owner  shall  not  be  nearer  than  10  feet  to  any 
other  building. 

Chicago — For  one-story  tenement,  space  between  must  be  10 
feet;  5  feet  more  for  each  added  story. 

Columbus — *Space  shall  be  24  feet  from  wall  to  wall  with  2 
feet  more  for  each  additional  story  above  the  second. 
Detroit — Space  shall  be  15  feet  between;  2  feet  added  for  every 
story  in  height  above  first  story  of  the  lower  building. 
Grand  Rapids — *There  must  be  the  required  yard  between 
buildings  on  the  same  lot  except  that  a  building  not  over  18 
feet  square  used  exclusively  for  domestic  purposes  may  oc- 
cupy two-thirds  of  the  depth  of  such  yard. 
Louisville — For  tenement  50  feet  high,  space  shall  be  24  feet 
from  wall  to  wall.     For  every  12  feet  or  fraction  increase  in 
height,  2  feet  added.    For  12  feet  decrease,  2  feet  subtracted. 
Milwaukee — There  must  be  open  space  between  buildings  15 
feet  wide  if  either  building  is  two  stones;  20  feet  if  building 
is  three  stories ;  and  25  feet  if  over  three  stories. 
Minneapolis — There  shall  be  10  feet  between  if  neither  build- 
ing is  over  15  feet  high  and  5  feet  additional  for  every  added 
10  feet  in  height. 

New  Orleans — No  building  shall  be  erected  that  will  decrease 
the  minimum  depth  of  yards  or  size  of  courts  as  prescribed. 
St.  Paul — Space  between  shall  be  same  as  for  inner  courts. 
Seattle — Each  building  shall  be  provided  with  the  required 
yards  and  courts  and  shall  comply  with  requirements  of  the 
law  for  each  such  building  when  placed  alone  upon  such  lot. 
Washington,  D.  C. — Fireproof  sheds  not  over  12  feet  high  may 
be  built  if  space  between  house  and  shed  equal  the  height  of 
the  shed.    Space  between  building  on  street  and  rear  building 
must  be  equal  to  the  sum  of  the  rear  yards  computed  inde- 
pendently. 

73 


Buildings  on  Same  Lot. 
/ 

State  Laws. 

California — If  both  buildings  are  one-story,  space  between 
shall  be  10  feet;  2  feet  additional  for  each  additional  10  feet 
in  height  for  every  story  more  than  one  of  the  taller  building. 
Indiana — There  shall  be  a  space  between  buildings  of  25  feet 
in  depth.  If  either  building  is  four  stories  high,  space  shall  be 
30  feet,  with  an  increase  of  3  feet  for  each  additional  story. 
Massachusetts — There  shall  be  a  space  of  25  feet  between 
buildings ;  and  5  feet  increase  for  each  story  above  three. 
New  Jersey — For  tenement  50  feet  high,  space  between  shall 
be  24  feet.  Increased  1  foot  for  each  additional  12  feet  or  frac- 
tion over  50  feet  in  height  of  tenement.  Decreased  propor- 
tionately for  tenement  under  50  feet  high  to  minimum  re- 
quirements for  yards  and  courts. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Space  from  wall  to  wall  shall 
be  24  feet  with  1  foot  more  for  each  additional  12  feet  or  frac- 
tion in  height  above  60  feet  of  highest  building;  1  foot  de- 
crease for  each  12  feet  less  than  60  in  height. 

Second  Class  Cities — For  one-story  building,  space  shall 
be  20  feet,  two  stories  30  feet,  four  stories  35  feet,  5  feet 
additional  for  each  added  story.  No  building  except  for  use  of 
occupants  shall  be  placed  on  same  lot  with  tenement. 
Pennsylvania — Forbidden  if  such  rear  building  is  to  be  used 
for  human  habitation,  but  permitted  if  building  is  not  to  be 
used  for  living  purposes  and  does  not  reduce  the  size  of  lot 
required  for  tenements. 

Wisconsin — There  shall  be  a  space  between  buildings  two 
stories  high ;  20  feet  if  three  stories ;  and  25  feet  if  either  build- 
ing is  more  than  three  stories  in  height. 


74 


SPACE  BETWEEN  BUILDINGS  ON  ADJOINING  LOTS. 

Model  Law — *If  a  side  yard  is  left,  it  must  be  of  the  following 
dimensions : 

Height  of  building.  Width  of  yard. 

1  story    4  feet 

2  stories  5     " 

3  "  ..6     " 


Two  feet  additional  for  each  additional  story. 

Boston — Wooden  buildings  must  not  be  nearer  adjoining  lot 
than  five  feet. 

Calgary — No  building  shall  be  built  nearer  than  three  feet 
to"  the  lot  line. 

Chicago — Tenements  cannot  approach  nearer  than  10  feet  to 
the  rear  lot  line  unless  the  rear  of  the  lot  abuts  upon  a  public 
alley,  in  which  case  the  rear  line  of  such  building  shall  be  not 
less  than  16  feet  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  alley. 

fThere  shall  be  a  space  of  three  feet  between  building 
and  lot  line  on  one  side  and  one  foot  between  building  and 
lot  line  on  the  other. 

Pittsburgh — The  distance  from  a  window  to  the  wall  or  party 

line  shall  be  eight  feet. 

Seattle — Frame  buildings  must  be  three  feet  from  the  lot  line. 

State  Laws. 

Massachusetts — Town — Non-fireproof  tenements  cannot  have 
walls  nearer  than  20  feet  to  the  walls  of  any  other  building. 

Pennsylvania — No  court  or  open  space  between  tenements 
shall  be  less  than  12  feet  in  width  throughout  the  entire  length. 


75 


AIR  AND  VENT  SHAFTS. 

Model  Law— See  "Shafts"  and  "Intakes." 

Baltimore — Air  and  vent  shafts  shall  be  from  3  to  10  feet  wide 
with  area  of  from  14  to  163  square  feet  for  tenements  two  to 
ten  stories  high,  according  to  schedule. 

Boston — Minimum  area  15  square  feet.  Minimum  dimension 
three  feet  for  tenement  50  feet  high  or  less.  Increased  one  foot 
in  width  and  eight  square  feet  in  area  for  every  10  feet  or 
fraction  additional  in  height. 

Chicago — 

Height  Width  Area 

1  story  3  feet  21  square  feet 

2  stories  3     "  22^     " 

3  "  3     "  27 

4  "  3     "  36 

5  "  5     "  48 

6  "  6    "  72 

7  "  8    "  96 

8  or  more  8     "  120 

Detroit — All  enclosed  shafts  shall  have  16  square  feet  cross 
section  area  for  two  stories  and  increase  of  eight  square  feet 
for  each  additional  story.  Least  dimension  shall  be  three  feet 
and  increase  one  foot  for  each  story  more  than  two.  Shafts 
shall  be  open  at  the  top.  Fresh  air  intakes  shall  be  four 
square  feet  in  total  area. 

Louisville — For  tenement  four  stories  and  basement  in  height, 
at  least  12  square  feet  in  area,  and  least  dimension  of  shaft 
shall  be  three  feet.  For  each  additional  story,  two  square  feet 
shall  be  added.  For  each  story  decrease  two  square  feet  sub- 
tracted. 

Minneapolis — 

Height 

1  story 

2  stories 

3  " 

4  " 

5  " 

6  " 

7  " 

8  " 

St.  Paul — For  four-story  tenement,  shaft  shall  not  be  less 
than  12  square  feet  in  area.  Least  dimension,  three  feet;  in- 
creased two  feet  for  each  additional  story  and  uniform 
throughout. 

76 


Least  width            Least  area 

3  feet 

21  square  feet 

3     " 

24 

3     " 

27 

3     " 

36 

5     " 

48 

6    " 

72 

8     " 

96 

8    " 

120 

Air  and  Vent  Shafts. 

Toledo — For  three-story  tenement,  shaft  shall  be  not  less 
than  40  square  feet ;  four  stories,  not  less  than  50  square  feet ; 
10  square  feet  additional  for  each  additional  story. 

State  Laws. 

California — Shafts  shall  be  16  square  feet  in  area;  least  di- 
mension four  feet.  If  shaft  is  more  than  50  feet  in  height,  it 
shall  be  increased  3  square  feet  for  each  added  12  feet  or 
fraction  above  50.  Vent  shaft  shall  have  air  intake  three 
square  feet  in  area. 

New  Jersey — Minimum  dimension  of  shaft  shall  be  three 
feet;  minimum  area  nine  square  feet.  Increased  three  square 
feet  in  area  for  each  added  12  feet  over  50  in  height  of  tene- 
ment. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Vent  shafts  are  not  permitted 
in  tenement  houses  hereafter  erected. 

Pennsylvania — Shafts  intended  for  ventilation,  light  or  air  to 
rooms  of  a  house  must  be  open  on  one  side  to  yard  or  street 
and  must  be  of  a  width  the  same  as  other  courts  but  may  be 
smaller  and  be  entirely  enclosed  if  to  vent  water  closets  or 
bathrooms,  with  a  door  or  window  of  sufficient  size  to  give 
access  to  it  for  cleaning  purposes. 

Wisconsin — Vent  shafts  prohibited  except  for  the  purpose  of 
lighting  or  ventilating  water  closet  or  bathroom  compartments 
or  passageways. 


77 


ROOMS— MINIMUM  AREA. 

Model  Law — *One  room  150  square  feet  floor  area;  all  others 
except  water  closet  compartments  and  bathrooms,  90  square 
feet  in  area  and  seven  feet  wide. 

Baltimore — One  room  shall  be  120  square  feet;  others  70 
square  feet. 

Boston — One  room  shall  be  120  square  feet;  others  90  square 
feet. 

Chicago — Minimum  area  of  one  room  shall  be  120  square  feet ; 
others  80  square  feet,  except  that  those  having  a  window  not 
less  than  18  square  feet  in  area  opening  on  street  can  be  70 
square  feet. 

Cincinnati — One  room  shall  be  120  square  feet  in  area ;  others 
except  water  closets  and  bathrooms,  600  cubic  feet. 

Columbus — *One  room  shall  be  150  square  feet  floor  area;  all 
others  100  square  feet  floor  area,  provided  this  need  not  apply 
to  kitchens  when  there  are  three  other  rooms. 

Detroit — In  every  apartment  there  shall  be  a  room  140  square 
feet  in  area ;  and  all  others  80  square  feet. 

Duluth — *One  room  shall  be  150  square  feet  in  area;  and  all 
others  100  square  feet,  provided  this  need  not  apply  to  kitchens 
when  there  are  three  other  rooms. 

Grand  Rapids — One  room  shall  be  150  square  feet  floor  area, 
all  others  90  square  feet. 

fEvery  room  shall  have  at  least  90  square  feet  floor  area 
and  shall  be  seven  feet  wide. 

Louisville — One  room  150  square  feet;  all  others  84  square 
feet. 

Minneapolis — One  room  120  square  feet  in  area ;  others  80 
square  feet,  except  kitchen. 

New  Orleans — One  room  120  square  feet;  others,  except 
water  closets  and  bathrooms,  100  square  feet. 

Providence — One  room  shall  be  not  less  than  120  square  feet 
in  area ;  other  rooms  70  square  feet. 

St.  Paul — One  room  shall  be  120  square  feet  floor  area ;  all 
others  70  square  feet. 

Seattle — One  room  shall  be  at  least  120  square  feet  in  floor 
area;  others  80  square  feet,  excepting  kitchen,  toilet,  etc. 

Toronto — One  room  shall  have  not  less  than  120  square  feet 
floor  area ;  all  others  at  least  100  square  feet. 

78 


Rooms — Minimum  Area. 


State  Laws. 

California — One  room  shall  have  120  square  feet  floor  area; 

others  90  square  feet,  except  kitchen  or  pantries  not  used  as 

bedroom. 

Connecticut — One  room  shall  have  120  square  feet  floor  area; 

all  others  70  square  feet,  except  water  closets  and  bathrooms. 

Indiana — One  room  shall  have  150  square  feet  floor  area;  all 

others  100  square  feet. 

Massachusetts — City — One  room  shall  have   150  square  feet 

floor  area ;  all  others,  except  kitchenettes,  water  closets  and 

bathrooms,  84  square  feet. 

Town — One  room  shall  have  150  square  feet  floor  area. 
New  Jersey — One  room  shall  have  120  square  feet  floor  area; 
others  70  square  feet. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — One  room  shall  have  120 
square  feet  floor  area ;  all  others  70  square  feet.  The  least 
horizontal  dimension  shall  not  be  less  than  seven  feet,  except 
as  regards  servants'  room  in  a  fireproof  building,  in  which  case 
the  minimum  is  six  feet. 

Second  Class  Cities — One  room  shall  be  150  square  feet 
in  floor  area ;  all  others  90  square  feet. 

fAll  rooms  except  water  closet  compartments  and  bath- 
rooms shall  have  90  square  feet  of  floor  area  and  be  seven 
feet  wide. 

Pennsylvania — All  rooms  used  for  habitation  shall  contain  at 
least  700  cubic  feet. 


79 


ROOMS— MINIMUM  AREA  OF  WATER  CLOSETS. 

Model  Law — *Water  closets  must  be  three  feet  wide. 
Baltimore — Water  closets  shall  be  two  feet  four  inches  wide. 
Boston — Water  closet  compartments  shall  be  not  less  than 
two  feet  four  inches  wide. 

Cincinnati — Water  closets  shall  be  2y2  feet  wide. 
Columbus — Water  closets  shall  be  at  least  three  feet  wide  and 
enclosed  in  plastered  partitions. 

Duluth — Water  closets  shall  be  at  least  three  feet  wide  and  en- 
closed in  plastered  partitions. 
Louisville — Water  closets  shall  be  at  least  three  feet  wide. 

State  Laws. 

California — Water  closets  shall  be  two  feet  four  inches  wide. 
Indiana— Water  closets  shall  be  three  feet  wide. 
Massachusetts — Water  closets  shall  be  at  least  three  feet  wide. 
New  Jersey — Water  closets  shall  be  two  feet  four  inches  wide. 
New  York — First  Class  Cities — Water  closets  must  be  two 
feet  four  inches  wide. 

*Second   Class   Cities — Water  closets   must   be   at   least 
three  feet  four  inches  wide. 

Pennsylvania — City  Ruling — Water  closets  shall  be  at  least 
2Y-2.  feet  by  3y2  feet. 


80 


ROOMS— HEIGHT. 

Model  Law — *Rooms  shall  be  nine  feet  high. 

Baltimore — Cellar  rooms  shall  be  eight  feet  in  clear;  others, 
nine  feet. 

Boston — Rooms  shall  be  Sy2  feet  high.     Attic  rooms  in  one- 
half. 

Chicago — Rooms   shall  be   8^   feet   in   height.     Attic   rooms 
same  in  one-half  area. 

fRooms  shall  be  8^  feet  high  except  attic  rooms  in  but 
one-half  if  they  have  a  total  cubic  area  of  750  cubic  feet  each. 
Cincinnati — Rooms  shall  be  eight  feet  in  height  except  in  one- 
half  of  attic  rooms. 

Columbus — *Rooms  shall  be  8^2  feet  high. 
Detroit — All  stories  shall  be  nine  feet  in  clear  except  attic 
need  be  but  8^2  feet  in  one-half  area. 
Duluth— *Rooms  shall  be  8l/2  feet  high. 
Grand  Rapids — Rooms  shall  be  nine  feet  high. 

fRooms  shall  be  8^  feet  high  except  attic  rooms  in  but 
one-half. 

Louisville — Rooms  shall  be  nine  feet  high.     Attic  rooms  in 
but  one-half. 

Minneapolis — Rooms  shall  be  8^  feet  high  except  attic  room 
in  only  one-half  area  if  it  has  750  cubic  feet  air  space. 

New  Orleans — Rooms  shall  be  not  less  than  &y2  feet  high. 

Attic  rooms  in  but  one-half. 

Pittsburgh — Rooms  shall  be  eight  feet  high  except  attic  rooms 

in  but  one-half  of  area. 

Providence — Rooms  shall  be  8^  feet  high  except  attic  rooms 

shall  be  eight  feet  in  but  one-half  of  area. 

St.  Paul — Rooms  shall  be  eight  feet  high  except  attic  rooms 

in  but  one-half  of  area. 

Seattle — Rooms  must  be  eight  feet  four  inches  high. 

Toledo — Rooms  shall  be  eight  feet  high  except  attic  rooms 

may  average  eight  feet  high. 

Toronto — Rooms  shall  be  8^  feet  high  except  attic  rooms  in 

but  one-half  area. 

Washington,  D.  C. — *Rooms  shall  be  eight  feet  high  except 

attic  rooms  in  but  one-half  of  area. 

State  Laws. 

California — Rooms  shall  be  nine  feet  high  except  in  one-half 
of  attic  rooms.    Closets  and  bathrooms,  7y2  feet. 

81 


Rooms — Height. 


Connecticut — Rooms  shall  be  8^  feet  except  attic  rooms  in 
but  one-half  of  area. 

Indiana — Rooms  shall  be  nine  feet  high. 

Massachusetts — City — Rooms  shall  be  8^2   feet  high  except 
half-story  rooms,  which  need  be  only  in  one-half  of  area. 

Town — Rooms  shall  be  nine  feet  high  except  attic  rooms, 
which  need  be  in  only  one-half  of  area. 

New  Jersey — Rooms  shall  be  nine  feet  high  except  attic  rooms 
in  but  one-half  of  area. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Rooms  shall  be  nine  feet  high. 
Second  Class  Cities — Rooms  shall  be  nine  feet  high, 
fin  a  two-family  dwelling  rooms  shall  be  8^2  feet  high. 

Pennsylvania — Rooms  shall  be  eight  feet  high. 


82 


ROOMS— WINDOW  AREA. 

Model  Law — *Window  area  shall  be  one-seventh  of  floor  area. 
There  shall  be  one  window  12  square  feet  in  area  between  the 
stop-beads. 

Baltimore — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 
Boston — Window  area  shall  be  one-eighth  of  floor  area. 
Calgary — *Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 

Chicago — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area.  Each 
window  shall  be  10  square  feet  in  area  and  top  seven  feet 
above  the  floor. 

f Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area,  and  each 
window  10  square  feet  in  area. 

Cincinnati — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area; 
minimum  12  square  feet. 

Columbus — *Window  area  shall  be  one-eighth  of  floor  area. 
Detroit — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area.    One 
window  shall  be  12  square  feet  in  area  and  have  top  7^/2  feet 
above  the  floor  level. 

Duluth — ^Window  area  shall  be  one-eighth  of  floor  area. 
Grand  Rapids — *Window  area  shall  be  one-seventh  of  floor 
area.     One  window  shall  be  not  less  than  12  square  feet  in 
area. 

Louisville — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 
Top  of  one  window  shall  be  at  least  7^  feet  above  the  floor, 
not  less  than  12  square  feet. 

Milwaukee — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 
Minneapolis — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area 
for  sleeping  rooms.  Each  window  shall  be  at  least  10  square 
feet  in  area.  In  living  rooms  below  ground,  window  area  shall 
be  one-eighth  of  floor  area.  Windowless  rooms  are  permitted 
if  there  is  an  opening  of  30  square  feet  into  a  room  with  win- 
dows one-eighth  of  combined  area. 

New  Orleans — Window  area  shall  be  one-sixth  of  floor  area. 
Windows  shall  be  located  so  as  to  properly  light  all  parts 
of  room. 

Pittsburgh — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 
Providence — Window  area  shall   be  one-tenth   of  floor  area 
except  bathrooms,  etc.    One  window  shall  open  to  external  air. 
St.  Paul — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 
Seattle — Window  area  shall  be  one-eighth  of  floor  area. 
Toledo — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 
Toronto — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 

83 


Rooms — Window  Area. 


Washington,  D.  C. — *Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor 
area. 

.State  Laws. 

California — Window  area   shall  be  one-eighth   of  floor  area 

except  in  cellar  or  basement,  one-sixth.     Never  less  than  12 

square  feet. 

Connecticut — Window  area  shall  be  one-eighth  of  floor  area. 

Indiana — Window  area  shall  be  one-seventh  of  floor  area,  and 

at  least  12  square  feet  in  area. 

Massachusetts — City — Window  area  shall  be  one-seventh  of 

floor  area,  and  top  of  window  not  less  than  7*/2  feet  above  floor. 

Twelve  square  feet  in  area  except  kitchenettes,  water  closets 

and  bathrooms,  six  square  feet. 

Town — Window  area  shall  be  one-seventh  of  floor  area 
and  one  window  12  square  feet,  except  bathrooms  and  water 
closets. 

New  Jersey — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 
New  York — First  Class  Cities — Window  area  shall  be  one- 
tenth  of  floor  area,  but  said  window  shall  never  be  less  than 
12  square  feet  between  stop-beads. 

*Second  Class  Cities — Total  window  area  shall  be  one- 
seventh  of  floor  area  and  one  window  12  square  feet  with  top 
7^  feet  above  floor. 

Pennsylvania — Window  area  shall  be  12  square  feet. 
Wisconsin — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 


84 


ROOMS— WINDOW  AREA  OF  WATER  CLOSETS. 

Model  Law — *Every  window  must  be  three  square  feet  be- 
tween stop-beads  and  the  total  area  of  windows  must  be 
six  square  feet  between  stop-beads. 

Baltimore — Window  area  shall  be  three  square  feet. 

Boston— There  shall  be  one  window  at  least  one  foot  by  three 

feet. 

Calgary — Window  shall  be  at  least  three  square  feet  in  area 

opening  directly  upon  a  street,  yard  or  vent  shaft. 

fWindow  must  be  satisfactory  to  Sanitary   Department 
and  at  least  three  square  feet  in  area. 

Chicago — *Window  must  be  six  square  feet  in  area  and  at 
least  one  foot  wide. 

Cincinnati — Window  area  shall  be  three  square  feet. 
Columbus — *Window  area  shall  be  six  square  feet. 

Detroit — Water  closet  must  have  window  with  six  square  feet 

glass  area. 

Duluth — *Window  area  shall  be  six  square  feet. 

Grand  Rapids — ^Window  area  shall  be  six  square  feet,  and  no 
window  less  than  three  square  feet. 

Louisville — Window  area  not  less  than  three  square  feet. 

Milwaukee — There  shall  be  one  window  at  least  three  square 
feet  in  area. 

Minneapolis — Window  area  shall  be  six  square  feet,  and  mini- 
mum width  one  foot. 

New  Orleans — Window  or  skylight  area  shall  be  not  less  than 
three  square  feet. 

Pittsburgh — Water  closet  shall  have  window  of  sufficient  size 
approved  by  Bureau  of  Health. 

Providence — Window  shall  be  three  square  feet  in  area  and 

not  less  than  one  foot  in  width. 

St.  Paul — Window  area  of  water  closet  shall  be  three  square 

feet. 

Seattle — Window  shall  be  one  foot  wide  and  432  square  inches 

area,  and  at  least  one-eighth  of  floor  area. 

Toledo — Must  have  window  opening  to  outer  air  or  vent  shaft 
not  less  than  10  square  feet  where  practicable. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor 
area  and  no  window  less  than  four  square  feet. 

fin  dwellings,  window  area  shall  be  one-tenth  of  floor 
area  with  50%  opening  and  an  area  of  at  least  four  square  feet. 

85 


Rooms — Window  Area  of  Water  Closets. 

State  Laws. 

California — Window  area  shall  be  six  square  feet. 

Connecticut — Window  area  shall  be  three  square  feet. 

Indiana — Window  area  shall  be  one-seventh  of  floor  area  and 

at  least  six  square  feet. 

Massachusetts — Window  area  shall  be  one-seventh  of  floor 

area  and  at  least  six  square  feet. 

New  Jersey — Window  shall  be  three  square  feet  in  area  and 

one  foot  wide. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Must  have  a  window  opening 

on  a  street,  yard,  or  court  one  foot  by  three  feet. 

*Second  Class  Cities — Shall  have  one  window  three 
square  feet  in  area  opening  directly  on  street,  yard  or  court, 
and  total  window  area  of  six  square  feet. 

Pennsylvania — Window  area  shall  be  four  square  feet. 
Wisconsin — Window  area  shall  be  three  square  feet. 


86 


ROOMS—ALCOVE. 

Model  Law — Alcoves  must  be  separately  lighted  and  venti- 
lated as  provided  for  rooms  and  must  have  a  floor  area  of  90 
square  feet.  No  part  of  any  room  shall  be  enclosed  or  sub- 
divided unless  it  contains  a  separate  window  and  a  floor  area 
of  90  square  feet. 

Baltimore — Same  requirements  for  alcoves  as  for  other  rooms. 

Boston — Alcove  must  have  opening  into  bedroom  equal  to 
80%  of  side,  and  window  15  square  feet  in  area. 

Chicago — Same  requirements  for  alcove  as  for  other  rooms  un- 
less it  has  opening  of  20%  of  its  entire  wall  surface. 

fSame  as  other  rooms  unless  it  has  a  floor  area  of  35 
square  feet  and  an  opening  of  20%  of  its  entire  wall  surface. 
Cincinnati — Alcoves  shall  have  opening  not  less  than  six 
feet  wide  from  floor  to  top  of  windows. 

Columbus — *Alcoves  must  be  100  square  feet  in  area  and 
have  separate  window. 

Detroit — Alcove  must  conform  to  room  requirements  except 
that  if  without  a  window  opening  to  outside  air,  it  must  have 
opening  equal  to  60%  of  dividing  partition. 

Duluth — *  Alcove  must  be  70  square  feet  in  area. 
Grand  Rapids — *Alcove  must  be  90  square  feet  in  area  and 
separately  lighted  and  ventilated  as  other  rooms. 
Louisville — Alcove  must  be  80  square  feet  in  area  and  comply 
with  the  ventilating  laws  for  rooms,  except  alcove  of  35  square 
feet  that  has  unobstructed  opening  equal  to  20%  of  its  entire 
wall  surface. 

Minneapolis — Rooms  may  not  be  sub-divided  unless  sub-divi- 
sion has  window  and  80  square  feet  floor  space.    Alcove  with 
35  square  feet  floor  area  or  less  that  has  opening  equal  to 
20%  of  its  wall  surface  into  room  does  not  need  window. 
New  Orleans — An  alcove  shall  have  an  opening  equal  to  80% 
of  side  on  which  opening  is,  and  one  window. 
Pittsburgh — Same  requirements  for  alcove  as  for  rooms  unless 
20%  of  its  entire  wall  surface  opens  to  a  habitable  room. 
Providence — Alcove   must   conform    to   all    requirements    for 
other  rooms. 

St.  Paul — Alcoves  are  not  allowed  for  sleeping  purposes. 
Seattle — Alcove  shall  have  a  permanent  opening  into  another 
room  equal  to  75%  of  floor  area,  unless  floor  and  window  area 
are  equal  to  that  required  elsewhere. 
Washington,  D.  C. — Alcoves  are  prohibited. 

87 


Rooms — Alcove. 

State  Laws. 

California — Alcoves  more  than  25  square  feet  in  area  must 
conform  to  room  requirements. 

Connecticut — Alcove  rooms  shall  be  considered  as  separate 
rooms. 

Indiana — No  part  of  any  room  shall  be  sub-divided  unless  it 
has  a  floor  area  of  100  square  feet  and  a  window  as  required 
for  rooms. 

Massachusetts — City — Room  cannot  be  sub-divided  unless  it 
has  separate  window  and  84  square  feet  area. 

Town — Alcove    must    have    separate    window    and    100 
square  feet  area. 

New  Jersey — Same  requirements  for  alcoves  as  for  rooms. 
New  York — First  Class  Cities — Alcoves  must  be  70  square 
feet  in  area  and  be  separately  lighted  and  ventilated. 

*Second  Class  Cities — Alcoves  shall  be  90  square  feet  in 
area  and  separately  lighted  and  ventilated. 
Pennsylvania — *No  part  of  room  shall  be  enclosed  unless  it 
has  separate  window  as  in  separate  rooms  and  70  square  feet 
area. 


88 


HALLS— LIGHTING  AND  VENTILATION. 

Model  Law — Every  public  hall  must  have  at  'each  story  at 
least  one  window  opening  directly  upon  the  street,  yard,  or 
court.  Such  window  shall  be  at  the  end  of  the  hall  with  the 
natural  direction  of  the  light  parallel  to  the  hall's  axis.  Any 
part  of  a  hall  shut  off  or  recessed  from  any  other  part  of  said 
hall  shall  be  deemed  a  separate  hall  and  shall  be  separately 
lighted  and  ventilated. 

Baltimore — Hall  in  tenement  over  three  stories  high  shall  have 
windows  to  street,  yard  or  court  on  each  floor.  Tenement  not 
over  three  stories  may  be  lighted  by  glazed  sash  from  each 
apartment.  Top  floor  lighted  by  skylight  20  square  feet  in 
area. 

Boston — Public  halls  shall  have  one  window  at  end  of  hall  to 
open  space  10  feet  wide  or  court  of  prescribed  size,  or  one 
window  for  every  20  feet  or  fraction  of  hall  length.  Stair  halls 
must  have  aggregate  area  of  windows  on  each  floor  of  at  least 
15  square  feet  or  ventilating  skylight  over  stair  well  of  at 
least  20  square  feet. 

Chicago — Hall  must  have  one  window  per  floor  or  skylight. 
Window  may  be  at  right  angles  to  hall  or  one  every  20  feet. 

Cincinnati — Public  halls  shall  have  windows  at  the  end  or  else 

windows  every  20  feet.     Commissioner  of  Buildings  may  order 

four  square  feet  of  glass  put  in  the  panels  of  doors  at  ends  of 

hall  and  lights  kept  burning  as  needed.     Lights  must  be  kept 

burning  from  sunset  until  10:00  P.  M. 

Columbus — Tenement  must  have  one  window  at  the  end  of 

every  hall  at  right  angles  to  the  length  of  hall. 

Detroit — Tenement  over  two  stories  and  basement  shall  have 

window  or  glazed  door  opening  to  street,  alley,  etc.,  per  floor. 

Top  story  must  have  skylight. 

Duluth — Every  public  hall  shall  have  one  window  per  story. 

Grand  Rapids — At  the  end  of  every  public  hall  there  must 
be  a  window  at  right  angles  to  the  length  of  the  hall,  opening 
directly  on  a  street,  yard  or  court. 

Louisville — There  shall  be  one  window  at  the  end  of  hall  or 
one  window  for  every  20  feet  in  length  of  hall  per  story. 
Minneapolis — Tenement  more  than  two  stories  in  height  must 
have  light  burning  near  stairs  on  every  floor  at  night.  Tene- 
ment over  three  stories  must  have  one  window  2l/2  feet  wide 
and  5  feet  high  for  each  story. 

New  Orleans — Hall  shall  have  at  least  one  window  2l/2  feet 
wide  and  5  feet  high  opening  upon  street  or  yard. 
Pittsburgh — There  shall  be  one  window  per  floor.     Superin- 

89 


Halls — Lighting  and  Ventilation. 

tendent  of  Buildings  may  require  tenement  to  be  erected  with- 
out corridors.  There  shall  be  window  to  open  to  external 
air  unless  light  and  ventilation  are  otherwise  provided  and  ap- 
proved by  Department  of  Public  Health.  Sufficient  light  de- 
manded from  sunset  to  sunrise  throughout  the  year. 
St.  Paul — In  a  tenement  over  three  stories  high,  public  hall- 
ways shall  have  at  least  one  window  opening  upon  street  or 
court. 

Seattle — Every  hall  shall  have  one  window  per  story  so  placed 
as  to  properly  light  the  hall  or  it  shall  be  lighted  by  equivalent 
skylight  or  by  light  from  glass  paneled  doors.  Halls  shall 
be  artificially  lighted  at  night. 

Toronto — At  the  top  of  each  stairway,  a  red  light  shall  be  kept 
burning  from  sunset  to  sunrise  each  day. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Owner  must  provide  adequate  lighting 
and  ventilating  for  halls. 

State  Laws. 

California — In  a  tenement  with  more  than  two  families  on  a 
floor  or  over  four  stories  and  cellar  in  height,  every  hall  shall 
have  one  window  to  street  or  yard,  or  skylight  with  20  square 
feet  of  glass.  Light  shall  be  kept  burning  on  first  and  sec- 
ond floors  from  sunset  until  sunrise;  on  other  floors,  until 
10:00  P.  M.  All  doors  off  hall  shall  have  glass  panel  five 
square  feet  if  hall  has  no  windows. 

Connecticut — There  shall  be  window  or  glazed  door  to  street, 
yard  or  court  on  every  floor  of  a  hall.  Third  floor  halls  with- 
out windows  must  have  stair  well  to  roof  12  inches  wide. 
Indiana — Every  public  hall  must  have  a  window  at  the  end 
at  right  angles  to  the  length  of  the  hall.  There  shall  be  one 
window  for  every  40  feet  or  fraction  of  the  length  of  the  hall. 
Massachusetts — There  shall  be  one  window  per  story  at  the 
end  of  public  hall. 

New  Jersey — For  tenement  exceeding  four  stories  or  for  more 
than  two  families  on  a  floor,  public  hall  must  have  a  window  at 
end  at  right  angles  to  hall,  or  a  window  to  street,  yard,  or  court 
every  20  feet. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Tenement  over  four  stories 
shall  have  at  least  one  window  in  every  public  hallway  open- 
ing upon  street  or  yard.  (If  window  is  not  at  end  of  hall,  one 
window  for  every  20  feet  of  length.)  Such  window  shall  be 
at  the  end  of  said  hall,  with  the  natural  direction  of  the  light 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  said  hall ;  if  the  hall  exceeds  60  feet  in 

90 


Halls — Lighting  and  Ventilation. 

length,  there  shall  be  one  additional  window  in  each  additional 
30  feet  of  hall  or  fraction  thereof.  If  the  window  is  not  thus 
located  at  the  end  of  hall,  there  shall  be  at  least  one  window 
opening  directly  upon  the  street  or  upon  a  yard  or  court  in 
every  20  feet  in  length,  or  fraction  thereof  of  said  hall. 

Second  Class  Cities — There  shall  be  one  window  2l/2 
by  5  feet  at  the  end  of  hall  for  each  story;  one  window  for 
each  stair  hall  three  by  five  feet ;  ventilating  skylight  40  square 
inches. 

fFor  dwellings,  there  shall  be  one  window  for  each  stair 
hall  three  by  five  feet. 

Pennsylvania — Halls  shall  have  one  window  opening  on  street 
or  court.  If  possible  to  construct  without,  in  the  judgment  of 
Building  Inspector,  there  shall  be  no  corridors  in  tenements. 
There  shall  be  light  at  entrance  and  second  floor  kept  burning 
all  night,  and  in  all  other  halls  until  10:00  P.  M. 

Wisconsin — There  shall  be  one  window  with  10  square  feet  of 
glass  for  each  hall.  In  every  tenement  three  or  more  stories 
in  height  where  the  stairs  of  halls  are  not  provided  with  win- 
dows opening  directly  to  the  outer  air,  there  shall  be  a  sky- 
light with  an  opening  of  40  inches.  The  glazed  roof  of  such 
skylight  shall  be  20  square  feet  in  area. 


91 


HALLS— WINDOW  AREA. 

Model  Law — At  least  one  of  the  windows  in  every  public  hall 
shall  be  2l/2  feet  wide  and  5  feet  high  measured  between  the 
stop-beads.  In  the  roof  over  each  stair  well,  there  shall  be 
a  ventilating  skylight  with  ridge  ventilators  having  an  open- 
ing of  40  square  inches,  or  such  skylight  shall  have  fixed  or 
movable  louvres. 

Baltimore — Halls  shall  have  18  square  feet  of  glass  per  floor. 
One  window  shall  be  5^2  feet  high. 

Boston — Public  halls  shall  have  at  least  one  window  2^  feet 
by  5 ;  stair  halls  shall  have  at  least  15  square  feet  window  area 
or  skylight  with  ridge  ventilator  having  an  opening  of  40 
square  inches  and  area  as  above. 

Calgary — There  must  be  a  ventilating  skylight  at  least  25 
square  feet  in  area. 

Chicago — Minimum  window  area  per  floor  is  12  square  feet. 

Cincinnati — The  area  of  glazed  windows  shall  be  12  square 
feet  per  story.  There  shall  be  a  skylight  of  12  square  feet 
with  increase  of  three  square  feet  for  each  story  above  two. 

Columbus — The  area  of  one  window  in  a  hall  must  be  2y2 
feet  wide  and  5  feet  high.  Tenement  three  stories  or  more 
must  have  skylight  with  40  square  inch  ventilator. 

Detroit — Each  hall  shall  have  15  square  feet  glass  area.  Sky- 
light must  have  20  square  feet  of  glass  and  100  square  inch 
opening. 

Duluth — Halls  must  have  10  square  feet  of  glass  per  story. 

Grand  Rapids — There  shall  be  one  window  in  public  hall  three 
feet  wide  and  five  feet  high.  There  must  be  in  the  roof  direct- 
ly over  each  stairway  a  ventilating  skylight  with  ventilators 
having  an  opening  of  40  square  inches.  There  must  be  for 
each  story  one  window  three  feet  wide  and  five  feet  higli  to 
light  and  ventilate  each  stair  hall. 

Louisville — One  window  shall  be  at  least  2y2  feet  wide  and 
five  feet  high.  Over  stair  well,  there  shall  be  a  skylight  with  a 
40  square  inch  opening. 

Milwaukee — There  shall  be  one  window  in  each  hall  10  square 
feet  in  area.  Every  tenement  three  or  more  stories  in  height 
shall  have  ventilating  skylight  with  minimum  opening  of  40 
square  inches  if  windows  do  not  open  to  outer  air. 

Minneapolis — Tenement  more  than  three  stories  high  must 
have  18  square  feet  of  glass  for  each  floor. 

92 


Halls — Window  Area. 

New  Orleans — In  every  tenement  hall  there  shall  be  15  square 
feet  window  area  on  each  floor. 

St.  Paul — In  a  tenement  over  three  stories  high,  hall  window 
must  be  2y2  feet  wide  and  5  feet  high.  If  there  is  no  window 
in  hallway  opening  directly  to  outer  air,  sash  doors  shall  be 
provided. 

Seattle — Every  hall  must  have  one  window  opening  directly 
to  the  outer  air  or  transoms  with  15  square  feet  of  glass  area. 

State  Laws. 

California — There  shall  be  one  window  at  least  12  square  feet 
in  area  in  each  hall;  15  square  feet  for  stair  halls;  skylights 
20  square  feet  for  two-story  building,  and  6  square  feet  more 
for  each  added  story  in  height. 

Connecticut — There    shall    be    one    window    in    each    hall    10 

square  feet  in  area. 

Indiana — One  of  the  windows  lighting  each  hall  shall  be  at 

least  2y2  feet  wide  and  5  feet  high. 

Massachusetts — City — Hall  windows  shall  have  12  square  feet 

clear  opening.     Tenements  three  stories  or  more  shall  have 

ridge  ventilator  with  opening  40  square  inches  in  area. 

Town — One  window  in  hall  shall  be  2y2  feet  by  5  feet  and 
ventilator  as  above. 

New  Jersey — Window  area  of  stair  halls  must  aggregate  18 
square  feet  per  floor,  one  window  per  story  being  2y2  by  5 
feet.  One  window  in  each  public  hall  must  be  2y2  feet  wide 
and  5  feet  high. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — One  hall  window  must  be  2y2 
feet  wide  and  5  feet  high.  Every  tenement  house  must  have 
skylight  with  40  square  inches  ventilating  area.  The  aggre- 
gate area  of  windows  for  stair  halls  shall  not  be  less  than  18 
square  feet  between  stop-beads  for  each  story.  In  buildings 
not  more  than  four  stories  in  height  and  occupied  by  not 
more  than  two  families  on  any  floor,  window  may  be  omitted, 
provided  a  12-inch  stair  well  is  provided  and  doors  from  hall 
to  apartments  are  provided  with  glass  panels. 

Second  Class  Cities— *See  "Lighting  and  Ventilation." 
Pennsylvania — Buildings  must  have  hall  windows  of  at  least 
12  square  feet. 

Wisconsin — See  "Lighting  and  Ventilation." 


93 


Sanitary  Provisions. 

HABITABLE  ROOMS. 

Baltimore — See  Light  and  Ventilation,  General  Provisions. 
Chicago — Every  room  must  have  window  to  street,  yard  or 
court,  with  minimum  area  one-tenth  of  floor  area  top  7*^  feet 
above  floor. 

Detroit — Board  of  Health  has  jurisdiction. 
Pittsburgh — Habitable  rooms  shall  have  700  cubic  feet  of  air, 
shall  be  ST/2  feet  in  height  except  attic  rooms  in  but  one-half, 
and  a  window  area  equal  to  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 
St.  Paul — Habitable  rooms  must  have  outside  windows. 
Seattle — Rooms  shall  be  eight  feet  four  inches  in  height. 
Toledo — Rooms  must  be  eight  feet  high  and  have  windows 
opening  to  external  air  equal  to  10%  of  floor  area  or  into  an- 
other room  with  window  area  equal  to  20%  of  floor  area.    Top 
of  one  window  must  be  seven  feet  above  the  floor. 
Toronto — Habitable  rooms  shall  be  of  area  specified  under 
"Light  and  Ventilation,  Area  of  Rooms." 

State  Laws. 

New  Jersey — Habitable  rooms  must  have  window  opening  on 
street,  yard,  court  or  shaft,  or  a  window  3x5  feet  opening  into 
another  room  with  windows  as  above. 


94 


CELLARS    AND    BASEMENTS— CONDITIONS    OF 
OCCUPANCY. 

Model  Law — *Occupancy  of  cellars  prohibited.  Basement 
rooms  may  not  be  used  for  living  purposes  unless  in  addition 
to  other  requirements,  rooms  shall  have  sufficient  light  and 
ventilation,  shall  be  well  drained  and  dry,  and  shall  be  fit  for 
human  habitation. 

Baltimore — Floors  must  be  of  concrete  four  inches  thick; 
ceilings  must  be  4l/2  feet  above  ground ;  must  have  open  area- 
way  2}/2  feet  wide  in  front  of  windows ;  rooms  must  be  eight 
feet  in  height;  and  there  must  be  separate  water  closet;  walls 
must  be  damp  proof. 

Boston — Basement  rooms  must  be  8^2  feet  in  height;  have 
separate  water  closet ;  window  area  equal  to  one-eighth  of 
floor  area ;  top  of  windows  six  inches  from  ceiling,  opening 
directly  to  outer  air,  and  top  sash  made  to  open  full  width. 
Calgary — Basement  cannot  be  used  for  living  rooms  except 
for  janitor  unless  ceiling  is  at  least  six  feet  above  grade  level. 
Chicago — Living  in  cellar  prohibited.  Basement  rooms  must 
be  &l/2  feet  high ;  one-half  above  grade ;  4^  feet  above  street 
grade ;  have  separate  water  closet  and  waterproof  floors. 
Cincinnati — Basements  shall  be  properly  lighted  and  venti- 
lated and  eight  feet  clear  in  height.  There  shall  be  open  space 
2y2  feet  wide  outside  and  adjoining  every  part  occupied  for 
living  purposes  and  across  its  entire  front  if  it  adjoins  street. 
Cellars  shall  be  lighted  and  ventilated  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 
Columbus — *Occupancy  Prohibited. 

Detroit — Occupancy  of  cellars  prohibited.  Basements  must 
have  ceilings  4^  feet  above  height  of  sidewalk  and  ground; 
walls  damp  proof,  and  must  be  adequately  lighted  and  venti- 
lated. 

Duluth — *Cannot  be  used  except  for  laundry. 
Grand  Rapids — *The  occupancy  of  cellar  rooms  is  prohibited. 
Basement  rooms  must  have  sufficient  light  and  ventilation; 
must  be  well  drained,  dry,  and  be  fit  for  human  habitation. 
Basement  rooms  must  be  7l/2  feet  high,  ceiling  3l/2  feet  above 
the  ground  or  street  level ;  there  must  be   water  closet  on 
same  floor;  one  room  must  have  window   12  square  feet  in 
area ;  and  lower  floor  must  be  waterproof. 
Louisville — Rooms  must  be  nine  feet  high ;  ceiling  4^   feet 
above  curb  level ;  windows  must  be  12  square  feet  in  area,  open 
on  the  street  and  total  one-eighth  floor  area  of  room ;  walls 
must  be  damp  proof ;  and  there  must  be  a  water  closet. 
Milwaukee — Cellars  and  basements  must  be  eight  feet  high ; 
ceiling  four  feet  above  level  of  lot ;  window  opening  on  street, 

95 


Cellars  and  Basements — Conditions  of  Occupancy. 

yard  or  court;  total  window  area  must  be  one-tenth  of  floor 
area;  and  the  walls  must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 
Minneapolis — If  over  two  feet  below  grade,  basements  can 
only  be  used  for  janitor.    Window  area  must  equal  one-eighth 
of  floor  area. 

New  Orleans — Basements  may  not  be  occupied  for  living  pur- 
poses unless  the  room  is  Sy2  feet  high.  Must  have  separate 
water  closet;  total  window  area  one-sixth  of  floor  area;  open- 
ing upon  a  street  or  yard,  and  the  walls  must  be  damp  proof 
and  waterproof. 

Pittsburgh — Living  in  cellar  is  prohibited.  Basement  rooms 
must  be  8^2  feet  high ;  one-half  above  grade ;  windows  one- 
eighth  of  floor  area  with  one-half  of  sash  made  to  open  full 
width  and  top  within  six  inches  of  ceiling;  water  closet  ap- 
purtenant to  every  apartment,  and  every  room  must  have  a 
window  opening  on  a  street,  yard  or  court  of  not  less  than 
100  square  feet. 

St.  Paul — Cellar  may  not  be  occupied  for  living  purposes  un- 
less rooms  are  eight  feet  high;  ceilings  2T/2  feet  above  street 
level;  windows  opening  on  street  or  open  courts  equal  to 
one-eighth  of  floor  area;  use  of  separate  water  closet;  and 
walls  must  be  damp  proof. 

Seattle — Occupancy  prohibited  unless  not  more  than  two- 
thirds  of  height  is  below  grade  level  and  total  window7  area  is 
one-tenth  of  floor  area ;  walls  must  be  damp  proof  and  water- 
proof; must  meet  with  approval  of  the  Superintendent  of 
Buildings. 

fSleeping  rooms  or  living  rooms  are  prohibited  in  the 
cellar.  Rooms  in  the  basement  shall  be  damp  proof  and  water- 
proof and  shall  otherwise  meet  with  the  approval  of  the  Super- 
intendent of  Buildings. 

Toledo— Rooms  must  be  eight  feet  high;  ceilings  four  feet 
above  grade;  must  be  properly  drained  and  ventilated;  and 
each  apartment  must  have  nine  square  feet  of  glass  per  100 
square  feet  floor  area. 

State  Laws. 

California — Living    in    cellar    prohibited.      Basement    rooms 
must  be  two-thirds  above   grade;   ceilings  seven   feet  above 
street  grades ;  rooms  nine  feet  high.     Must  have  water  closet 
conforming  to  requirements  of  those  for  rooms. 
Connecticut— Rooms  must  be  Sy2  feet  high;  ceiling  4^  feet 
above  surface  of  street;  walls  and  floors  damp  proof;  ceiling 
plastered. 
Indiana— Cellar  occupancy  prohibited.    Basement  rooms  must 

96 


Cellars  and  Basements — Conditions  of  Occupancy. 

be  nine  feet  high ;  ceiling  4l/2  feet  above  finished  grade  of  lot 
and  lowest  curb  level  adjacent  to  the  lot.  When  a  basement 
room  is  in  the  rear,  the  court  or  yard  on  which  it  opens  shall 
be  below  the  floor  level  of  the  room.  Every  such  room  shall 
be  an  integral  part  of  an  apartment  containing  a  room  with  a 
window  to  the  street  or  yard.  There  shall  be  a  water  closet 
appurtenant  to  every  such  room.  The  window  shall  be  one- 
seventh  of  the  floor  area  of  the  room. 

Massachusetts — City — No  room  in  any  cellar  may  be  occupied 
unless  it  is  in  every  part  above  grade  and  cellar  is  counted  as 
a  story.  No  basement  may  be  occupied  unless  ceiling  in  every 
part  is  at  least  4*/2  feet  above  curb  level  of  street  in  front. 
Must  have  room  opening  directly  on  street  or  yard. 

Town — Cellar  and  basement  cannot  be  occupied. 
New  Jersey — Rooms  must  be  8^  feet  high ;  ceilings  5  feet 
above  ground ;  water  closet  appurtenant  to  apartment ;  win- 
dow opening  to  street,  yard  or  court ;  window  area  one-eighth 
of  floor  area;  top  of  each  window  within  six  inches  of  ceiling; 
upper  sash  to  open  full  width. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Occupancy  in  cellars  prohib- 
ited except  for  janitors.  Occupancy  prohibited  unless  rooms 
are  nine  feet  high ;  ceilings  4y2  feet  above  the  curb  level  of  the 
street;  use  of  separate  water* closet ;  windows  opening  upon 
street  or  open  court;  total  window  area  one-eighth  of  floor 
area;  walls  damp  proof.  Written  permit  required.  Where 
rooms  are  located  at  rear  of  building,  ceiling  must  be  two  feet 
above  curb,  and  yards  and  courts  adjoining  must  be  excavated 
six  inches  below  finished  floor  of  rooms.  In  cellars,  apartment 
may  not  extend  back  from  front  or  rear  walls  a  greater  dis- 
tance than  25  feet. 

*Second  Class  Cities — Cellar  rooms  cannot  be  occu- 
pied. Basement  rooms  must  have  sufficient  light  and  ven- 
tilation ;  must  be  well  drained  and  dry,  and  be  fit  for  human 
habitation. 

Pennsylvania — *  Living  in  cellar  prohibited.  In  basements,  liv- 
ing rooms  must  be  seven  feet  high ;  walls  damp  proof  and 
waterproof.  Each  room  must  have  window  area  of  12  square 
feet.  No  sleeping  room  in  basement  unless  it  has  drained 
opening  along  the  side  from  six  inches  below  the  floor  to  sur- 
face of  the  street,  2y2  feet  wide. 

Wisconsin — Rooms  shall  be  eight  feet  high ;  ceiling  four  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  lot ;  each  room  shall  have  a  window 
opening  on  the  street,  yard  or  court;  total  window  area  shall 
be  equal  to  one-tenth  of  floor  area. 

97 


CELLAR  FLOORS. 

Model  Law — *Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

Baltimore — Must  be  of  concrete  four  inches  thick  with  a  top 

finish  of  mortar  one  inch  thick. 

Boston — Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

Chicago — Must  be  of  Portland  cement  concrete  three  inches 

thick. 

Cincinnati — Must  be  damp  proof. 

Columbus — *Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

Detroit — Must  be  damp  proofed,  concreted  and  drained. 

Duluth — *Must  be  free  from  dampness,  with  concrete  four 

inches  thick. 

Grand  Rapids — *Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

Louisville — Must  be  of  cement,  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

Milwaukee — Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

Minneapolis — Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

New  Orleans — Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

Pittsburgh — Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

St.  Paul — Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

Seattle — Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Shall  be  of  cement  four  inches  thick  or 

concrete  two  inches  thick,  or  paved  with  hard  brick  laid  in 

cement.    Woodwork  shall  be  six  inches  clear  of  the  ground. 

f  Shall  have  a  bed  of  cement  four  inches  thick  or  concrete 
two  inches  thick  over  entire  bottom  or  be  paved  with  hard 
brick  laid  in  cement. 

State  Laws. 

California — Must  be  damp  proof  and  § waterproof. 
Connecticut — Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 
Indiana — Must    have    an    excavated    space    under    the    entire 
first  floor  at  least  three  feet  in  depth,  or  the  first  floor  must 
be  elevated  so  that  there  will  be  a  clear  space  of  24  inches  be- 
tween the  top  of  the  ground  and  the  bottom  of  the  floor.    Floor 
must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 
Massachusetts — Must  be  damp  proof. 

New  Jersey — Concrete  four  inches  thick  or  asphalt  or  similar 
material  with  one-inch  cement  surfacing. 

New    York — First    Class    Cities — Must    be    damp    proof    and 
waterproof. 

^Second  Class  Cities — Must  be  damp  proof  and  water- 
proof. 

Pennsylvania — *Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 
Wisconsin — Must  be  damp  proof  and  waterproof. 

98 


WATER  SUPPLY. 

Model  Law — *There  shall  be  a  sink  or  wash-bowl  with  run- 
ning water  in  each  apartment,  suite,  or  group  of  rooms. 

Baltimore — Every   apartment   must   have   sink  with   running 
water. 

Boston — Every  apartment  must  have  proper  sink  and  running 
water. 

Calgary — If  there  is  a  water-main  in  the  street  on  which  a 

building  fronts,  it  must  be  connected. 

Chicago — There  must  be  sink  and  running  water   for  each 

apartment. 

Cincinnati — Each   apartment   must   have    sink   with    running 
water. 

Columbus — Every   apartment   must   have   sink   and   running 
water. 

fdwelling  house  must  have  sink  with  running  water  if 
water-mains  are  reasonably  accessible.  In  any  case,  must 
have  water  suitable  for  all  domestic  uses  within  12  feet  of 
house. 

Detroit — In  apartments  with  three  or  more  rooms,  one  sink 
with  running  water ;  in  others,  one  sink  for  two  apartments. 
Duluth — Every  apartment  must  have  sink  and  running  water. 

fDwelling  house  must  have  sink  with  running  water  if 
water-mains  are  reasonably  accessible.  In  any  case,  must 
have  water  suitable  for  all  domestic  uses  within  12  feet  of 
house. 

Grand  Rapids — There  must  be  a  sink  or  wash-bowl  with  run- 
ning water  in  each  apartment,  suite  or  group  of  rooms. 

f  Every  dwelling  shall  have  a  sink  or  wash-bowl  with  run- 
ning water  exclusive  of  any  sink  in  the  cellar. 

Louisville — Every   apartment   must   have   sink   and   running 

water. 

Milwaukee — Where  tenement  is  situated  on  a  street  supplied 

with  city  water,  it  shall  have  water  furnished   in  sufficient 

quantities  at  one  or  more  places  on  each  floor.    Tenement  not 

having  city  water  shall  have  a  sufficient  supply  of  wholesome 

water  on  a  part  of  the  lot  where  it  will  not  be  contaminated. 

New  Orleans — There  must  be  proper  sink  with  running  water 
in  each  apartment. 

Pittsburgh — In  tenement  where  it  is  possible  to  connect  with 
water-main,  there  shall  be  one  sink  for  every  suite  of  rooms. 
Washington,  D.  C. — There  shall  be  water  supply  in  each  apart- 
ment. 

99 


Water  Supply. 


State  Laws. 


California — There  must  be  sink  with  running  water  in  each 
apartment. 

Connecticut — Water  in  sufficient  quantities  must  be  provided 
on  each  floor  occupied  by  one  or  more  families.  If  tenement 
does  not  abut  on  a  street  with  water-mains,  it  must  have  suf- 
ficient supply  of  wholesome  water  on  a  part  of  the  lot. 
Indiana — There  must  be  a  sink  with  running  water  in  each 
apartment. 

Massachusetts — There  shall  be  sufficient  quantity  of  water  at 
one  or  more  places  in  each  apartment. 

New  Jersey — Every  apartment  must  have  sink  with  running 
water. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Every  apartment  must  have 
sink  and  running  water. 

Second  Class  Cities — There  must  be  sink  or  wash-bowl  in 
each  apartment  or  suite. 

fEvery  dwelling  house  shall  have  a  proper  sink  or  wash- 
bowl with  running  water,  exclusive  of  any  sink  in  the  cellar. 
Pennsylvania — If  there  is  a  water-main  in  street,  it  shall  be 
connected  with  every  apartment  of  two  or  more  rooms. 
One-room  apartments  shall  have  water  supply  for  every  two. 
Sparsely  populated  districts  with  pure  well  supply  approved 
by  Board  of  Health  exempt. 

f  If  there  is  a  water-main  in  the  street  it  shall  be  con- 
nected. Sparsely  populated  districts  with  pure  well  supply 
approved  by  Board  of  Health  exempt. 

Wisconsin — Where  a  tenement  is  accessible  to  a  street  sup- 
plied with  city  water  pipes,  it  shall  have  water  furnished  in 
sufficient  quantity  in  each  apartment,  otherwise,  wholesome 
water  shall  be  provided  in  sufficient  quantities  on  a  part  of 
the  lot. 


100 


WATER  CLOSET  ACCOMMODATIONS. 

Model  Law — *There  shall  be  a  separate  water  closet  in  a  sep- 
arate compartment  located  within  each  apartment,  suite,  or 
group  of  rooms. 

Baltimore — Every  apartment  must  have  a  separate  water 
closet  in  separate  compartment.  There  must  be  separate 
water  closet  for  each  family. 

Boston — Every  water  closet  shall  be  in  separate  compartment. 
One  within  every  apartment  of  four  or  more  rooms.  When 
apartments  have  less  than  four  rooms,  one  water  closet  for 
every  three  rooms.  Floors  waterproof  and  waterproofing  ex- 
tending six  inches  up  walls  except  in  front  of  doors. 
Calgary — There  shall  be  separate  water  closet  accommodation 
for  every  family  or  suite. 

Chicago — There  shall  be  separate  water  closet  for  each  apart- 
ment except  where  apartment  contains  only  two  rooms,  when 
there  must  be  water  closet  for  every  two  apartments. 
Cincinnati — There    shall   be    separate   water   closet   for   each 
apartment. 

Columbus — There  shall  be  one  water  closet  in  separate  com- 
partment for  each  apartment. 

f Dwelling  house  must  have  water  closet  if  accessible  to 
sewer.  If  not,  the  closet  shall  consist  of  a  privy  vault  located 
in  the  yard  with  adequate  means  of  ventilation. 
Detroit — Apartments  with  three  or  more  rooms  shall  have  one 
water  closet  three  feet  wide.  Others,  one  water  closet  for  two 
apartments. 

Duluth — There  shall  be  one  water  closet  in  separate  compart- 
ment for  each  apartment. 

fDwelling  houses  must  have  water  closet  if  accessible  to 
sewer.     If  not,  the  closet  shall  consist  of  a  privy  vault  located 
in  the  yard  with  adequate  means  of  ventilation. 
Grand  Rapids — Each  family  shall  have  a  separate  water  closet 
located  within  its  apartment,  suite,  or  group  of  rooms. 

fEvery  dwelling  shall  have  a  separate  water  closet. 

Louisville — There  shall  be  separate  compartment  water  closet 
for  every  two  apartments,  except  apartments  with  more  than 
two  rooms  shall  have  separate  water  closet. 

Milwaukee — There  shall  be  separate  water  closet  for  each 
apartment,  except  those  of  only  two  rooms  shall  have  one 
water  closet  for  every  two  apartments. 

Minneapolis — There  shall  be  ample  water  closets  for  tenants. 
New  Orleans — There  shall  be  one  water  closet  in  separate 

101 


Water  Closet  Accommodations. 

compartment  for  each  apartment,  ventilated  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  Board  of  Health. 

Pittsburgh — In  sewer-connected  buildings,  one  closet  for  every 
15  persons  or  fraction.  One  water  closet  for  every  suite  which 
has  an  independent  hallway.  Suites  of  two  or  less  rooms  shall 
have  closet  for  every  three  rooms. 

Providence — There  shall  be  separate  water  closet  in  separate 
compartment  within  each  apartment.  Apartments  of  one  or 
two  rooms  must  have  at  least  one  water  closet  for  every  three 
rooms. 

St.  Paul — There  shall  be  one  water  closet  in  separate  compart- 
ment for  every  three  apartments  of  two  rooms  and  one  for 
each  apartment  of  three  or  more  rooms. 

Seattle — Every  apartment  or  tenement  shall  have  at  least  one 
water  closet  located  in  a  separate  compartment.  Any  tenement 
or  apartment  having  three  or  more  rooms  shall  have  one 
water  closet  accessible  without  passing  through  any  bedroom. 
Washington,  D.  C. — Every  tenement  shall  have  water  closet 
for  each  suite  or  for  each  four  rooms. 

f  Every  dwelling  shall  have  at  least  one  water  closet. 

State  Laws. 

California — There  shall  be  separate  water  closet  in  each  apart- 
ment except  apartments  of  one  or  two  rooms,  which  may  have 
one  water  closet  for  every  two  apartments. 
Connecticut — There  shall  be  one  water  closet  or  vault  for  every 
two  apartments  of  less  than  three  rooms  and  one  for  each 
apartment  of  three  or  more  rooms. 

Indiana — There  shall  be  separate  water  closet  within  each 
apartment. 

Massachusetts — City — There  shall  be  one  water  closet  for  each 
apartment,  except  those  of  two  rooms  or  less  shall  have  one 
for  every  two  apartments. 

Town — There  shall  be  one  water  closet  for  each  apart- 
ment. 

New  Jersey — There  shall  be  one  water  closet  in  separate  com- 
partment for  each  apartment,  accessible  without  passing 
through  a  bedroom.  Floor  and  walls  six  inches  high  shall 
be  waterproof;  walls  plastered  to  ceiling;  must  be  properly 
lighted. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — There  shall  be  one  water  closet 
in  separate  compartment  for  each  apartment.  No  water  closet 
shall  be  maintained  in  cellar  of  tenement  without  written  per- 
mit from  Commissioner  of  Tenement  House  Department. 

102 


Water  Closet  Accommodations. 

*Second  Class  Cities — There  shall  be  separate  water  closet 
for  each  family  within  each  apartment. 

Pennsylvania — There  shall  be  separate  water  closet  for  each 
family,  except  that  apartments  of  one  or  two  rooms  shall  have 
one  for  every  two  families. 

fThere  shall  be  separate  water  closet  in  separate  com- 
partment for  each  dwelling.  One  entrance  to  one  water  closet 
compartment  in  every  dwelling  shall  be  by  hall  or  passage-- 
way independent  of  a  room  used  for  sleeping  purposes. 
Wisconsin — Every  tenement  accessible  to  the  city  sewer  shall 
have  a  separate  water  closet  in  a  separate  compartment  within 
each  apartment,  except  that  where  there  are  apartments  of  but 
one  or  two  rooms,  there  shall  be  at  least  one  water  closet  for 
every  two  apartments. 


103 


OVERCROWDING— CUBIC  AIR  SPACE. 

Model  Law — *Health  officer  may  order  the  number  of  per- 
sons sleeping  or  living  in  a  room  to  be  so  reduced  that  there 
shall  be  not  less  than  600  cubic  feet  of  air  to  each  adult  and 
400  cubic  feet  to  each  child  under  12. 

Baltimore — Every  room  shall  have  400  cubic  feet  air  space  for 
each  person  over  12  years  and  200  cubic  feet  for  each  per- 
son under  12. 

Boston — May  be  regulated  by  Board  of  Health.  In  rooms 
occupied  day  and  night,  600  cubic  feet  for  each  person.  Rooms 
occupied  only  at  night,  400  cubic  feet  for  each  adult  and  200 
cubic  feet  for  each  child  under  12  years  of  age. 

Calgary — *Rooms  for  sleeping  purposes  must  have  at  least 
500  cubic  feet  of  air  space  per  person. 

Chicago — There  must  be  400  cubic  feet  air  space  for  adults 
and  200  cubic  feet  for  children  under  12  years. 

Cincinanti — There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  air  space  for  each 
adult  and  200  cubic  feet  for  each  child  under  12. 

Columbus — *Bedroom  must  have  400  cubic  feet  air  space  to 
each  child  and  600  for  each  adult. 

Detroit — There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  air  space  for  each  per- 
son over  12  years  and  200  for  each  person  under  12. 

Duluth— *There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  of  air  for  each  adult 
over  12  and  300  cubic  feet  for  each  child  under  12. 
Grand  Rapids— *There  shall  be  600  cubic  feet  of  air  for  each 
adult  and  400  cubic  feet  for  each  child  under  12. 

Minneapolis — There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  of  air  for  each  per- 
son over  12  years  and  200  cubic  feet  for  each  child  under  12 
years. 

Pittsburgh — There  shall  be  700  cubic  feet  of  air  per  room— 
400  cubic  feet  for  each  person  over  12  years  and  200  cubic  feet 
for  each  child  under  12. 

Providence — Cubic  air  space  to  be  regulated  by  Board  of 
Health. 

Seattle — There  shall  be  512  cubic  feet  of  air  for  each  person 
over  14  years  and  300  for  each  child  under  14. 
Washington,  D.  C. — There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  of  air  for 
each  person  10  years  old  or  over. 

State  Laws. 

California — There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  of  air  space  for  each 
person. 

104 


Overcrowding- — Cubic  Air  Space. 

Connecticut — There  shall  be  500  cubic  feet  of  air  for  each 
adult  and  300  cubic  feet  for  each  child  under  12  years. 

Indiana — There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  of  air  to  each  adult 
and  200  cubic  feet  to  each  child  under  12  years. 
Massachusetts — There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  of  air  for  each 
adult  and  300  cubic  feet  for  each  child  under  12  years. 

New  Jersey — There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  of  air  for  each  adult 

and  200  cubic  feet  for  each  child  under  12  years. 

New  York — There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  of  air  for  each  adult 

and  200  cubic  feet  for  every  child  under  12  years. 

New  York— *Second  Class  Cities— There  shall  be  600  cubic 

feet  of  air  for  each  adult  and  400  cubic  feet  for  each  child 

under  12  years. 

Pennsylvania — *There  shall  be  400  cubic  feet  of  air  for  each 

person  over  12  years. 


105 


CLEANLINESS  OF  BUILDINGS. 

Model  Law — *Every  part  shall  be  kept  clean  and  free  from 
any  accumulation  of  dirt,  filth,  rubbish,  garbage,  etc.,  in  the 
same  or  in  the  yards,  courts,  passages,  areas,  or  alleys.  The 
owner  shall  have  cleansed  all  parts  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
health  officer. 

Baltimore — Every  tenement  shall  be  maintained  in  good  re- 
pair and  in  a  cleanly  condition. 

Boston — Every  tenement  must  be  kept  clean  and  in  repair. 

Chicago — Owner  of  tenement  must  keep  it  clean  and  whole- 
some and  every  apartment  adequately  lighted  and  ventilated. 

Cincinnati — Owner  shall  keep  clean  all  parts  not  within  the 
occupied  apartments.  All  parts  shall  be  kept  clean  and  free 
from  dirt. 

Columbus — *Must  be  free  from  all  accumulation  of  dirt,  filth, 
etc.     May  be  ordered  cleaned  by  Board  of  Health. 
Detroit — Board  of  Health  has  jurisdiction. 
Duluth — *Must  be  free  of  all  accumulation  of  dirt,  filth,  etc. 
May  be  ordered  cleaned  by  Board  of  Health. 
Grand  Rapids — *Every  part  shall  be  kept  clean  and  free  from 
any  accumulation  of  dirt,  filth,  rubbish,  etc.     The  owner  shall 
have  every  part  cleaned  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Board  of 
Health. 

Louisville — Owner  shall  keep  clean  and  free  from  dirt,  gar- 
bage, etc.,  to  the  satisfaction  of  Health  Department.  Tenants 
shall  keep  all  rooms  clean. 

Pittsburgh — Every  tenement  shall  be  kept  in  good  repair  and 
shall  be  clean  and  free  from  any  accumulation  of  dirt,  filth,  etc. 
Toledo — All  parts  of  building  must  be  kept  free  from  loose 
rubbish  and  debris. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Occupants  must  keep  all  parts  of  build- 
ings and  grounds  clean  and  wholesome. 

State  Laws. 

California — Owner  must  keep  house,  yards,  alleys,  etc.,  clean 
and  free  from  dirt. 

Connecticut — Owner  shall  clean  to  satisfaction  of  Board  of 
Health.  Every  part  shall  be  kept  clean  and  free  from  any 
accumulation  of  dirt,  filth,  etc. 

Indiana — Every  part  shall  be  kept  clean  and  free  from  any 
accumulation  of  dirt,  filth,  garbage,  etc.,  in  the  tenement  or 
in  yards,  courts,  passages,  areas,  or  alleys. 

106 


Cleanliness  of  Buildings. 

Massachusetts — Owner  must  keep  every  part  clean.    Board  of 
Health  may  order  owner  to  clean  at  any  time. 
New  Jersey — Owner  shall  keep  all  parts  clean  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  board.     No  person  shall  place  filth  in  any  place 
except  that  provided  for  the  purpose. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Must  be  free  from  all  accumu- 
lation of  dirt,  filth,  etc.  Owner  must  clean  to  satisfaction  of 
Tenement  House  Department. 

*Second  Class  Cities — Shall  be  clean  and  free  from  dirt, 
etc.  Owner  and  occupant  shall  clean  to  satisfaction  of  Health 
Officer. 

Pennsylvania — Tenement  yards,  courts,  and  shafts  shall  be 
free  from  dirt,  filth,  garbage,  etc. 

fThe  occupant  of  every  dwelling  shall  keep  the  yards, 
courts,  and  shafts  free  from  dirt,  filth,  garbage,  etc. 
Wisconsin — Board  of  Health  is  given  general  authority. 


107 


WHITEWASHING  OF  WALLS. 

Model  Law — The  walls  of  all  courts,  unless  built  of  a  light 
colored  material,  shall  be  thoroughly  whitewashed,  or  painted 
a  light  color,  by  the  owner.  Such  whitewash  or  paint  shall 
be  renewed  as  required  by  the  Health  Officer.  The  Health 
Officer  may  require  the  walls  and  ceilings  of  every  room  that 
does  not  open  directly  on  the  street  to  be  calsomined  white  or 
painted  white  when  necessary  to  improve  the  lighting  of  such 
room. 

Baltimore — Cellar  walls  and  ceilings  shall  be  whitewashed  or 
painted  a  light  color  at  least  once  a  year;  also  shaft  or  court 
walls. 

Chicago — Cellar  walls  and  ceilings  shall  be  whitewashed  or 
painted  a  light  color. 

Cincinnati — Walls  of  courts  and  shafts  and  the  ceiling  and 
walls  of  cellars  shall  be  thoroughly  whitewashed  or  painted  a 
white  color. 

Columbus — Cellar  walls  and  ceilings  and  all  inner  and  outer 
walls  of  courts,  if  not  of  light  colored  material,  must  be  white- 
washed or  painted. 

Detroit — Cellar  walls  and  ceilings  shall  be  whitewashed  or 
painted  a  light  color  once  in  two  years. 

Duluth — Cellar  walls  and  ceilings  and  all  inner  and  outer  walls 
of  courts,  if  not  of  light  colored  material,  must  be  white- 
washed or  painted. 

Grand  Rapids — The  walls  of  all  courts,  unless  built  of  light 
colored  brick  or  stone,  shall  be  thoroughly  whitewashed  or 
painted  a  light  color  by  the  owner. 

Louisville — Walls  of  courts  not  of  light  colored  material,  or  of 
rooms  not  opening  directly  on  a  street,  shall  be  whitewashed 
or  painted  a  light  color.  Health  department  may  order  paint 
renewed. 

Pittsburgh — Walls  must  be  thoroughly  cleansed  and  white- 
washed whenever  required  by  the  Department  of  Health. 

State  Laws. 

California — Walls  of  all  courts  and  shafts  shall  be  painted 
a  light  color  or  whitewashed. 

Connecticut — Walls  of  any  court,  shaft,  hall,  or  room  shall  be 
whitewashed  or  painted  a  light  color  whenever  Board  of 
Health  shall  think  necessary  for  better  lighting  of  rooms. 

Indiana — Cellar  walls  and  ceilings  shall  be  thoroughly  white- 
washed or  painted  a  light  color  by  the  owner. 

108 


Whitewashing  of  Walls. 

Massachusetts — Walls  of  all  courts  except  those  opening  on  a 
city  street  shall  be  of  light  color  or  whitewashed.  Walls  of 
rooms  that  do  not  open  on  a  street  may  be  ordered  painted 
or  whitewashed  by  Board  of  Health. 

New  Jersey — Cellar  walls  shall  be  thoroughly  whitewashed  or 
painted  a  light  color  by  the  owner. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — All  yard  courts  and  inner 
courts  are  required  to  be  painted  a  light  color  or  built  of 
light  colored  material ;  shaft  walls,  cellar  walls  and  ceilings 
are  required  to  be  painted  a  light  color  or  whitewashed. 

Second  Class  Cities — Shall  be  whitewashed  or  be  of  light 
color. 

Pennsylvania — When  filthy,  walls  must  be  cleansed,  papered, 
or  calsomined ;  also  when  walls  are  five  feet  or  less  away  from 
tenements,  such  must  be  painted,  whitewashed  or  kept  in  a 
light  color. 


109 


DRAINAGE  OF  COURT  AREAS  AND  YARDS. 

Model  Law — *A11  courts,  areas  and  yards  shall  be  properly 
graded  and  drained  and,  when  required  by  the  Health  Officer, 
concreted. 

Baltimore — The  bottom  of  all  courts  shall  be  paved  with  con- 
crete. 

Boston — Court  areas  and  yards  shall  be  properly  drained  to 
satisfaction  of  the  Board  of  Health. 

Chicago — Court  areas  and  yards  shall  be  adequately  drained. 
Cincinnati — Court  areas  and  yards  must  be  drained. 

Columbus — *Courts  and  yards  must  drain  freely  into  street  or 
sewer.  Health  Department  may  order  such  areas  concreted. 

Detroit — Inner  courts  shall  be  properly  drained. 

Duluth — *Tenement  courts  and  yards  must  drain  freely  into 
street  or  sewer.  Health  Department  may  order  such  areas 
concreted. 

Grand  Rapids — *Court  areas  and  yards  shall  be  properly  grad- 
ed and  drained. 

Minneapolis — Low  ground  must  be  drained. 

New  Orleans — All  courts  and  yards  shall  be  properly  graded, 
drained,  and  paved  to  the  satisfaction  of  Board  of  Health. 

Pittsburgh — Tenement  must  have  yards,  areas,  and  courts 
drained  into  the  sewer. 

Providence — Tenement  courts  and  yards  shall  be  properly 
graded  and  drained  and  paved  to  satisfaction  of  inspector. 

Toledo — Areas  and  courts  of  15  square  feet  or  more  must  be 
drained. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Owner  must  cause  areas  and  yards  to  be 
properly  graded,  paved  and  drained. 

State  Laws. 

California — Court  areas  and  yards  shall  be  properly  graded 
and  drained. 

Indiana — Court  areas  and  yards  shall  be  properly  graded  and 
drained  and  connected  with  street  sewer. 
Massachusetts — Court  areas  and  yards  shall  be  graded, 
drained,  and  may  be  ordered  paved  by  the  Board  of  Health. 
New  Jersey — Court  areas  and  yards  shall  be  properly  graded, 
drained,  and  connected  with  the  city  sewer. 

110 


Drainage  of  Court  Areas  and  Yards. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Courts  and  yards  must  drain 
freely  into  street  sewer.  Tenement  House  Department  may 
order  such  areas  concreted. 

*Second  Class  Cities — Court  areas  and  yards  shall  be 
properly  graded  and  drained.  May  be  ordered  concreted  by 
Health  Officer. 

Pennsylvania — *Courts,  yards,  areas  and  alleys  must  be  grad- 
ed and  drained. 


Ill 


SEWER  CONNECTIONS. 

Model  Law — Every  tenement  must  be  connected  with  a  public 
sewer  before  it  is  occupied. 

Baltimore — Required  where  there  is  a  sewer  in  the  street. 

Boston — Plumbing  of  every  building  shall  be  connected  with 
sewer  if  there  be  one. 

Calgary — *Building  fronting  on  a  street  with  water  or  sewer 
main  must  be  connected. 

Cincinnati — Required  if  there  is  a  sewer  in  the  street. 

Columbus — Cesspools  or  privy  prohibited.  Every  tenement 
shall  have  plumbing  system  connected  with  a  sewer. 

Detroit — All  pipes  and  fixtures  for  water  or  waste  must  be 

connected. 

Duluth — Cesspools  or  privy  prohibited.    Every  tenement  shall 

have  plumbing  system  connected  with  sewer. 

Grand  Rapids — Every  tenement  must  have  its  plumbing  sys- 
tem connected  with  a  public  sewer  before  occupation. 

Louisville — All  tenements  must  be  connected  with  sewer  un- 
less special  permit  is  issued  by  Building  and  Health  Depart- 
ment. 

Minneapolis — Every  building  must  be  connected  with  sewer  if 
sewer  exists  on  street. 

Pittsburgh — Tenement  shall  be  connected  with  sewer  where 
Bureau  of  Health  judges  it  possible. 

St.  Paul — Every  tenement  shall  be  connected  with  public 
sewer  if  such  is  provided;  if  not,  drain  pipes  from  buildings 
may  be  connected  with  cesspools. 

Toledo — Cellars  shall  be  connected  with  sewer  where  possible. 
Washington,  D.  C. — Sewer  connections  are  required. 

State  Laws. 

California — Sewer  connections  are  required  where  possible. 
Connecticut — Sewer  connections  are  required  where  possible. 
Indiana — Must  be  connected  with  a  public  sewer. 

Massachusetts — City — Courts,  areas  and  yards  shall  be  con- 
nected with  sewer  if  accessible. 

Town — Every  tenement  erected  on  street  where  there  is 
a  sewer  must  be  connected. 

New  Jersey — Must  be  connected  with  sewer  if  accessible. 

112 


Sewer  Connections. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Where  connection  with  sewer 
is  possible  cesspools  and  privies  prohibited. 

Second  Class  Cities — Sewer  connections  required. 
Pennsylvania — Tenement    prohibited    unless    connected    with 
sewer. 

f  Every  dwelling  accessible  to  a  sewer  must  be  connected. 
Wisconsin — Every  tenement  accessible  to  a  sewer  shall  be 
connected. 


113 


ASHES  AND  GARBAGE. 

Model  Law — The  owner  shall  provide  suitable  tight  metal 
cans  with  covers  for  holding  ashes,  rubbish,  garbage,  refuse, 
etc.  Chutes  and  bins  for  such  purposes  are  prohibited. 
Boston — No  ashes  or  garbage  shall  be  placed  in  yards  or 
alleys,  except  in  suitable  receptacles  which  must  be  provided 
by  owners  of  tenement  and  be  satisfactory  to  the  Board  of 
Health. 

Calgary — Tenement  must  be  provided  with  approved  refuse 
and  garbage  receivers  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Sanitary  De- 
partment. 

Chicago — Receptacles  for  ashes  and  garbage  must  be  pro- 
vided by  the  owner.  One  of  each  per  story  to  every  five  per- 
sons. 

Cincinnati — Owner  shall  provide  metallic  receptacles  for  ashes 
and  garbage. 

Columbus — *Owners  shall  provide  suitable  receptacles  for 
ashes,  rubbish,  garbage  and  refuse  matter. 

Duluth — *Owners  of  tenement  and  dwelling  houses  shall  pro- 
vide suitable  receptacles  for  ashes,  rubbish,  garbage  and 
refuse  matter. 

Louisville — Owner  must  provide  suitable  receptacles.  All 
garbage  and  ashes  must  be  placed  therein. 

Minneapolis — Must  have  sufficient  20-gallon  cans  for  garbage 
to  hold  for  ten  days,  and  30-gallon  cans  for  ashes. 

Providence — Owners  of  tenements  shall  provide  suitable  re- 
ceptacles for  ashes,  rubbish  and  refuse  matter,  satisfactory  to 
Superintendent  of  Health. 

St.  Paul — There  shall  be  suitable  receptacles  for  ashes,  con- 
structed of  incombustible  material. 

Seattle — There  shall  be  suitable  receptacle  for  ashes,  garbage 
and  refuse,  according  to  regulations  of  Superintendent  of 
Buildings  and  Commissioner  of  Health. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Owners  shall  provide  suitable  places  for 
reception  of  garbage  and  other  refuse. 

State  Laws. 

California — Owner  shall  provide  suitable  receptacles  for  ashes 
and  garbage. 

Connecticut — Owner  shall  provide  suitable  receptacles  for 
ashes  and  garbage. 

114 


Ashes  and  Garbage. 

Indiana — The  owner  must  provide  suitable  receptacles  for 
ashes,  rubbish,  garbage,  refuse,  etc. 

Massachusetts — Owner  must  provide  suitable'  water-tight  re- 
ceptacles. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Owners  of  tenements  shall 
provide  suitable  receptacles  for  ashes,  rubbish,  garbage  and 
refuse  matter. 

Second  Class  Cities — Owners  must  provide  suitable  tight 
metal  cans  for  ashes  and  garbage. 

fOccupants  must  provide  suitable  tight  metal   cans   for 
ashes  and  garbage. 

Pennsylvania — *There   must   be   provided   suitable   non-leak- 
able,  covered  garbage  can  and  standard  ash  can. 
Wisconsin — The  owner  must  furnish  suitable  covered  recep- 
tacles for  garbage,  ashes  and  rubbish. 


115 


JANITOR. 

Model  Law — Where  the  owner  does  not  reside,  there  shall  be 
a  janitor  if  the  Health  Officer  shall  require. 
Columbus — Tenement  occupied  by  six  or  more  families  where 
owner  does  not  reside  in  house  shall  have  janitor  if  required  by 
Health  Department. 

Grand  Rapids — In  tenements  where  the  owner  does  not  reside, 
there  shall  be  a  janitor  if  the  Board  of  Health  shall  require. 

Louisville — Tenement  of  ten  apartments  where  owner  does 
not  reside  shall  have  janitor. 

Washington,  D.  C. — Tenement  with  over  five  families  where 
owner  does  not  reside  shall  have  janitor. 

State  Laws. 

California — Tenement  with  more  than  eight  families  shall  have 

janitor. 

Massachusetts — If  owner  does  not  reside  therein,   Board  of 

Health  may  require  a  janitor. 

New  Jersey — Tenement  where  owner  does  not  reside  that  is 

occupied  by  more  than  six  families  shall  have  janitor  if  Board 

requires. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Tenement  occupied  by  more 

than  eight  families,  in  which  owner  does  not  reside,  must  have 

janitor  if  required  by  the  Tenement  House  Department. 

Second  Class  Cities — If  health  officer  requires  in  tenement 
where  owner  does  not  reside,  there  shall  be  a  janitor. 
Pennsylvania — Six-family  tenement  where  owner  does  not  re- 
side must  have  janitor  if  deemed  necessary  by  the  chief  of 
the  division. 


116 


V. 

Requirements  and  Remedies. 

VACATION  OF  BUILDINGS. 

Model  Law — *Power  given  to  Health  Officer. 
Baltimore — Power    given    to    Inspector    of    Buildings    when 
buildings  are  dangerous  to  life  and  health. 
Boston — Power  to  vacate  as  nuisance  given  to  Building  Com- 
mission and  Board  of  Health. 

Chicago — *Power  given  to  Commissioner  of  Health. 
Cincinnati — Power  given  to  Board  of  Health. 
Columbus — *Power  given  to  Board  of  Health. 
Detroit — Power  given  to  Department  of  Buildings. 
Duluth — *Power  given  to  Board  of  Health. 
Grand  Rapids — *Power  given  to  Board  of  Health. 
Louisville — Building  or  Health  Department  or  City  Attorney 
may  bring  suit  to  prevent  occupation  of  tenement  violating 
these  provisions. 

Minneapolis — Health  Department  may  order  vacated  if  un- 
sanitary. 

Seattle — *Power  given  to  Superintendent  of  Buildings. 
Toledo — Power  given  to  Building  Inspector. 
Toronto — Power  given  to  Inspector  of  Buildings. 
Washington,  D.  C. — Power  given  to  Board  of  Condemnation 
of  Unsanitary  Buildings. 

State  Laws. 

California — Power  given  to  Department  of  Health. 
Connecticut — Board  of  Health  may  order  vacated. 
Indiana — Power  given  to  Board  of  Health. 
Massachusetts — Power  given  to  Board  of  Health. 
New  Jersey — Power  to  vacate  tenement  in  violation  of  tene- 
ment law  given  to  the  State  Tenement  House  Board. 
New   York — First   Class    Cities — If  any   tenement   house    is 
erected,  altered  or  occupied  contrary  to  law,  such  building 
shall  be  deemed  an   unlawful   structure,  and  the  Tenement 
House  Department  may  cause  such  building  to  be  vacated. 

*Second  Class  Cities — Power  given  to  Health  Officer. 
Pennsylvania — *Power  given  to  Chief  of  Division  of  Housing 
and  Sanitation  if  dangerous  or  unfit  for  human  habitation. 

117 


UNLAWFUL  OCCUPATION. 

Model  Law — *If  a  building  is  occupied  without  a  certificate  of 
compliance,  no  rent  shall  be  recoverable  during  such  period 
and  the  Health  Officer  may  cause  it  to  be  vacated. 

Columbus — *When  any  tenement  or  dwelling  house  or  lot 
fails  to  comply  with  the  building  ordinance,  its  occupation  is 
a  misdemeanor. 

Duluth — *When  any  tenement  or  dwelling  house  or  lot  fails 
to  comply  with  building  ordinance,  its  occupation  is  a  mis- 
demeanor. 

Grand  Rapids — *When  any  tenement  or  dwelling  house  is  oc- 
cupied without  a  certificate  of  compliance  from  the  Board  of 
Health,  said  premises  shall  be  deemed  unfit  for  human  habita- 
tion and  may  be  ordered  vacated. 
Louisville — See  ''Vacation  of  Buildings." 

State  Laws. 

California — If  occupied  without  permit,  department  may 
cause  tenement  to  be  vacated. 

Indiana — -If  a  tenement  is  occupied  without  a  certificate  of 
compliance  no  rent  shall  be  recoverable. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — If  any  building  hereafter  con- 
structed as  or  altered  into  a  tenement  house  be  occupied  in 
whole  or  in  part  for  human  habitation  in  violation  of  the 
last  section,  during  such  unlawful  occupation,  any  bond  or 
note  secured  by  a  mortgage  upon  said  building,  or  the  lot 
upon  which  it  stands,  may  be  declared  due  at  the  option  of 
the  mortgagee.  No  rent  shall  be  recoverable  by  the  owner 
or  lessee  of  such  premises  for  said  period,  and  no  action  or 
special  proceeding  shall  be  maintained  therefor,  or  for  posses- 
sion of  said  premises  for  non-payment  of  such  rent.  The  De- 
partment of  Water  Supply  shall  not  permit  water  to  be  fur- 
nished in  any  tenement  house,  and  said  premises  shall  be 
deemed  unfit  for  human  habitation,  and  the  Tenement  House 
Department  shall  cause  them  to  be  vacated  accordingly. 

-^Second  Class  Cities — When  building  is  occupied  without 
a  certificate  of  compliance,  it  shall  be  deemed  unfit  for  habi- 
tation and  be  vacated  accordingly. 

Pennsylvania — *After  notice  given  to  vacate,  unlawful  to 
occupy  until  chief  of  division  of  Housing  or  Sanitation  per- 
mits. 


118 


APPROVAL  OF  PLANS. 

Model  Law — *Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by  the 
Health  Officer  before  work  is  begun. 

Baltimore — Plans  must  be  approved  by  Inspector  of  Buildings 
before  work  is  begun. 

Boston — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by  Building 
Commission  before  work  is  begun. 

Calgary — *Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  before  work 
is  begun. 

Chicago — *Plans  must  be  approved  by  Building  Department 
before  work  is  begun  and  Commissioner  of  Buildings  notified 
as  construction  proceeds. 

Cincinnati — *Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings  before  work  is  begun. 
Columbus — *Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by  Build- 
ing Department  before  work  is  begun. 

Detroit — Plans  must  be  approved  and  permit  issued  before 
work  is  begun. 

fPlans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  before  work  is 
begun. 

Duluth — *Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by  Building 
Department  before  work  is  begun. 

Grand  Rapids — *Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by 
Building  Inspector. 

Louisville — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  before 
work  is  begun. 

Milwaukee — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by  Inspec- 
tor of  Buildings. 

Minneapolis — Plans  must  be  submitted  to  Building  Inspector 
and  approved  before  work  is  begun. 

New  Orleans — Plans  must  be  approved  by  City  Engineer. 
Pittsburgh — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by  Build- 
ing Department  before  work  is  begun. 

Providence — Plans  shall  be  approved  by  Building  Inspector. 
St.  Paul — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by  Commis- 
sioner of  Public  Works. 

Seattle — *Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  before  work 
is  begun. 

Toledo — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  before  work 
is  begun. 

Toronto — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by  Building 
Inspector  before  work  is  begun. 

119 


Approval  of  Plans. 

Washington,  D.  C. — *  Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved 
by  Building  Inspector  before  work  is  begun. 

State  Laws. 

California — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  before 
work  is  begun. 

Connecticut — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  before 
work  is  begun. 

Indiana — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by  Building 
and  Health  Departments. 

Massachusetts — The  Board  of  Health  must  certify  that  the 
plans  conform  to  the  law  in  respect  to  light,  ventilation  and 
sanitation ;  then  they  must  be  submitted  and  approved  by 
the  Building  Inspector  and  permit  issued. 

New  Jersey — Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  before 
work  is  begun. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Plans  must  be  submitted  to 
and  approved  by  the  Tenement  House  Department. 

*Second  Class  Cities — Plans  must  be  approved  by  Health 
Officer. 

Pennsylvania — *Plans  must  be  submitted  and  approved  b'y 
Chief  of  Division  of  Housing  and  Sanitation,  and  also  sub- 
mitted to  Chief  of  Bureau  of  Building  Inspection  for  approval 
of  building  materials  and  construction. 

Wisconsin — Plans  must  be  submitted  to  the  Building  Inspec- 
tor and  approved  before  work  is  begun. 


120 


CERTIFICATE  OF  APPROVAL. 

Model  Law — *No  building  shall  be  occupied  without  the  issu- 
ance of  a  certificate  from  the  Health  Officer. 

Baltimore — Every  tenement  must  be  inspected  and  certificate 
of  approval  given  before  same  can  be  occupied. 

Calgary — *Certificate  from  the  Sanitary  Inspector  required 
before  building  can  be  occupied. 

Chicago — Owner    must    notify    Commissioner    of    Buildings 
when  tenement  is  ready  for  lathing.     Tenement  must  be  in- 
spected and  if  it  conforms  to  law,  a  certificate  is  issued. 
Columbus — *Certificate  of  approval  must  be  issued  by  Build- 
ing Department  before  tenement  can  be  occupied. 
Detroit — Certificate  of  occupancy  must  be  issued  before  build- 
ing is  occupied. 

Duluth — ^Certificate  of  approval  must  be  issued  by  Building 
Department  before  tenement  can  be  occupied. 
Grand  Rapids — *Building  may  not  be  occupied  without  cer- 
tificate from  Board  of  Health. 

Louisville — Certificate  of  approval  must  be  issued  by  Health 
Department  before  occupation. 

Pittsburgh — Certificate  of  approval  must  be  issued  by  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Health  before  occupation. 
Toledo — Violations  left  to  Inspector  of  Buildings  to  discover. 

State  Laws. 

California — Building  may  not  be  occupied   until   "Permit  of 
Occupancy  upon  Completion  of  Construction"  is  issued. 
Connecticut — Certificate  to  be  issued  before  tenement  can  be 
occupied. 

Indiana — No  building  shall  be  occupied  without  a  certificate 
from  the  Board  of  Health. 

Massachusetts — Tenement  may  not  be  occupied  until  inspect- 
ed and  approved  by  Building  Inspector  and  Board  of  Health. 
New  Jersey — Building  may  not  be  occupied  until  a  certificate 
is  issued. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Certificate  of  compliance  must 
be  issued  by  Tenement  House  Department  before  tenement 
can  be  occupied. 

*Second   Class    Cities — Certificate   of  approval   must  be 
issued  by  Health  Officer  before  building  is  occupied. 
Pennsylvania — Unlawful  to  occupy  a  tenement  or  two-family 
dwelling  unless  license  has  been  granted. 

121 


REGISTRATION  OF  TENEMENTS. 

Model  Law — *Every  owner  and  every  lessee  of  the  whole 
house  shall  file  in  the  Health  Department  a  notice  with  his 
name  and  address  and  also  a  description  of  the  property. 
Every  owner,  agent,  or  lessee  may  file  in  the  Health  De- 
partment a  notice  with  name  and  address  of  an  agent  of  such 
house  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  service  of  process. 

Baltimore — Every  tenement  and  apartment  house  must  be 
registered  as  required  by  Inspector  of  Buildings. 

Columbus — Owner's  name  must  be  registered  with  Health 
Department. 

Duluth — Owner's  name  must  be  registered  with  Health  De- 
partment. 

Grand  Rapids — Every  owner,  agent,  or  person  having  con- 
trol of  a  tenement  house  must  file  name  and  address  with  the 
Board  of  Health  and  Poor  Commissioners. 

Louisville — Owner's  name  must  be  registered  with  Health  De- 
partment. 

Pittsburgh — Owner,  lessee,  or  person  having  control  of  tene- 
ment house  shall  file  name  and  address,  name  of  authorized 
agent,  description  by  street  number,  number  of  apartments, 
rooms,  families,  etc. 

State  Laws. 

California — Owner  and  lessee  must  file  address  with  Depart- 
ment of  Health. 

Indiana — The  names  and  addresses  of  owners  and  agents  shall 
be  filed  with  the  plans. 

Massachusetts — City — Detailed  description  and  owner's  name 
and  address  must  be  filed  with  the  Board  of  Health. 

Town — Detailed  description  and  owner's  name  and  ad- 
dress must  be  filed  with  the  town  clerk. 

New  Jersey — Every  owner  and  lessee  or  other  person  having 
control  of  a  tenement  house  must  file  his  name  and  address 
with  Board  of  Health. 

New  York — First  Class  Cities — Every  owner,  lessee  and  per- 
son having  control  must  file  name  and  address,  together  with 
number  of  families  occupying  tenement. 

*Second  Class  Cities — Every  owner  and  every  lessee  of 
the  whole  house  shall  file  his  name  and  address  and  detailed 
description  of  his  property. 

122 


Registration  of  Tenements. 

Pennsylvania — *  License  for  tenement  or  two-family  house 
must  specify  the  name  and  address  of  owner  and  agent,  ad- 
dress of  tenement,  the  number  of  rooms,  maximum  number 
of  occupants  for  each  sleeping  room  and  date  license  expires. 
Wisconsin — Owner,  lessee  or  other  person  having  contract  of 
a  tenement  house  shall  file  with  the  Board  of  Health  a  notice 
containing  his  name  and  address. 


123 


PENALTIES. 

Model  Law — *  Every  person  who  shall  violate  or  assist  in  the 
violation  shall  be  punishable  by  imprisonment  for  ten  days 
for  every  day  such  violation  continues,  or  by  a  fine  of  $10.00 
to  $100.00  if  the  offense  be  not  willful,  or  $250.00  if  the  offense 
be  willful,  and  in  every  case  $10.00  for  each  day  after  the  first 
that  such  violation  shall  continue,  or  by  both  fine  and  im- 
prisonment. 

Every  owner  and  any  person  who  shall  violate  or  assist  in 
the  violation  shall  be  subject  to  a  civil  penalty  of  $50.00. 

Any  person  who,  having  been  served  with  a  notice  to 
remove  any  violation  shall  fail  to  comply  within  five  days 
after  such  service  shall  be  subject  to  a  civil  penalty  of  $250.00. 

In  case  the  owner's  name  and  the  name  of  the  agent  is 
not  filed,  and  the  owner  cannot  be  located,  or  is  outside  the 
state,  the  Health  Officer  may  subject  the  house  and  lot  to  a 
penalty  of  $250.00.  Such  penalty  shall  be  a  lien  upon  the 
house  and  lot. 

Baltimore— Fine  $25.00  to  $100.00  for  each  and  every  day. 
Boston — Fine  not  exceeding  $500.00. 
Calgary— *Not  over  $50.00  and  costs. 

Chicago— *$25. 00  to  $200.00.    Each  week  a  separate  offense. 
Cincinnati— *$5. 00  to  $500.00. 

Columbus— *$5.00  to  $200.00  for  first  offense ;  $25.00  to  $500.00 
for  subsequent  offenses. 

Detroit — *Not  over  $500.00  and  costs,  or  imprisonment  up  to 
six  months,  or  both. 

Duluth — *$100.00  or  less,  or  imprisonment  for  85  days. 
Grand  Rapids— *$  10.00  to  $100.00,  or  not  over  90  days'  im- 
prisonment, or  both. 

Louisville— $10.00  to  $25.00  for  each  offense  per  day. 
Milwaukee— Not  less  than  $5.00  or  more  than  $500.00,  or  in 
default  of  fine,  by  imprisonment  one  day  to  six  months. 
Minneapolis — $5.00  to  $100.00,  or  90  days'  imprisonment.    Vio- 
lation shall  constitute  a  separate  offense  for  each  day. 
New  Orleans — $25.00  or  30  days'  imprisonment. 
Pittsburgh — $10.00  to  $100.00.     After  first  offense  for  every 
week  continuous  fine  of  $10.00  to  $100.00.     In  default  of  pay- 
ment of  fine,  term  in  county  jail  not  exceeding  30  days. 
Providence — $100.00  fine  for  first  day  of  such  offense ;  not  ex- 
ceeding $20.00  for  each  subsequent  day  such  violation  con- 
tinues. 

St.  Paul — Imprisonment  for  three  months,  or  $500.00  fine,  or 
both. 

124 


Penalties. 

Seattle — *Not  over  $100.00,  or  imprisonment  in  the  city  jail 
for  a  term  not  over  30  days.  Each  day  of  violation  consti- 
tutes a  separate  offense. 

Toledo — $5.00  to  $100.00  or  imprisonment.  Each  day  a  sep- 
arate offense. 

Washington,  D.  C. — *Not  over  $100.00  or  imprisonment  for 
not  over  90  days.  Each  day  constitutes  a  separate  offense. 

State  Laws. 

California — Misdemeanor    punishable    by    imprisonment    not 
over  six  months  or  fine  not  over  $500.00,  or  both. 
Connecticut — $25.00  to  $500.00  and  the  renewal  of   penalty 
every  30  days. 

Indiana — Imprisonment  for  10  days  for  every  day  that  such 
violation  continues,  or  by  a  fine  of  $10.00  to  $100.00  if  the 
offense  be  not  willful,  or  $250.00  if  the  offense  be  willful. 
Massachusetts — Not  less  than  $10.00.  If  within  ten  days  after 
notice,  order  has  not  been  complied  with,  additional  fine  of 
$5.00  to  $20.00  for  each  day. 
New  Jersey— $100.00  if  willful,  $25.00  if  not. 
New  York — First  Class  Cities — Every  person  who  shall  vio- 
late or  assist  in  the  violation  of  any  provision  of  this  chapter 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  punishable  by  imprisonment 
for  ten  days  for  each  and  every  day  that  such  violation  shall 
continue,  or  by  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $10.00  or  more  than 
$100.00  if  the  offense  be  not  willful,  or  of  $250.00  if  the  offense 
be  willful,  and  in  every  case,  of  $10.00  for  each  day  after  the 
first  that  such  violation  shall  continue,  or  by  both  such  fine 
and  imprisonment  in  the  discretion  of  the  court;  provided, 
that  the  punishment  for  a  violation  of  Section  140  of  this 
chapter  shall  be  a  fine  of  $50.00;  and  provided  further,  that  the 
penalty  for  incumbrance  of  a  fire  escape  by  an  occupant  of  the 
tenement  house  shall  be  a  fine  of  $10.00,  which  the  nearest 
police  magistrate  shall  have  jurisdiction  to  impose. 

^Second  Class  Cities — Imprisonment  for  not  more  than 
10  days  or  fine  of  $10.00  to  $100.00  for  each  day.  If  willful 
disobedience,  fine  of  $250.00. 

Pennsylvania— *$5. 00  to  $50.00  for  first  offense;  $25.00  to 
$200.00  or  imprisonment  for  60  days  or  both  for  subsequent 
offenses.  Each  week  after  owner  has  been  notified  to  correct 
the  violation  of  the  law  is  deemed  a  separate  offense,  for  which 
an  additional  penalty  is  attached. 

Wisconsin — $5.00  to  $200.00,  or  imprisonment  for  from  15  to 
60  days,  or  by  both. 

125 


ADMINISTRATION  AND  ENFORCEMENTS. 

Model  Law — *The  Health  Officer  and  Superintendent  of 
Buildings.  Suit  for  enforcement  of  the  act  may  be  brought  by 
any  taxpayer.  The  local  legislative  body  is  empowered  to 
prescribe  for  the  enforcement  of  the  act.  The  State  Board  of 
Health  shall  have  the  power  to  examine  into  the  enforce- 
ment of  this  act  in  each  city.  Whenever  required  by  the  gov- 
ernor, it  shall  make  such  examination  and  shall  report  the 
results  thereof  to  the  governor  within  the  time  prescribed  by 
him. 

Baltimore — Inspector  of  Buildings. 
Boston — Building  and  Health  Departments. 
Calgary^— *Superintendent  of  Buildings. 
Chicago — *Building  Commissioner. 

Cincinnati — ^Department    of    Buildings,    Police,    Health    and 

Fire. 

Columbus — *Building  and  Health  Departments. 

Detroit — ^Department  of  Building.  Can  use  no  authority  in 
regard  to  health  and  sanitary  provisions  without  approval  of 
Board  of  Health. 

Duluth — *Building  and  Health  Departments. 

Grand  Rapids — *Board  of  Health  and  Poor  Commissioners, 
Building  Inspector. 

Louisville — Building  and  Health  Departments  and  Public 
Safety  Board. 

Minneapolis — Building  and  Health  Departments  and  Fire  De- 
partment. 

New  Orleans — City  Engineer  and  Police  Department. 
Pittsburgh — Department  of  Public  Safety,  Bureau  of  Health 
of  each  city,  Bureau  of  Building  Inspection  of  each  city. 

Providence — Board  of  Health  and  Building  Department. 

St.  Paul — Commissioner  of  Public  Works. 
Seattle — ^Superintendent  of  Buildings. 

Toledo — Building  Inspector. 

Washington,  D.  C. — *Inspector  of  Buildings. 

State  Laws. 

California — Departments  of  cities  or  towns  which  are  charged 
with  the  enforcement  of  laws  relating  to  public  health  and 
erection  of  buildings. 

126 


Administration  and  Enforcements. 


Connecticut — Inspector  of  Buildings,  Fire  Marshal  and  Board 
of  Health. 

Indiana — Building  and  Health  Departments  and  State  Board 
of  Health. 

Massachusetts — State  Board  of  Health  may  examine  into  en- 
forcement. City  Solicitor,  Building  Inspector  or  Board  of 
Health. 

New  Jersey — State  Board  of  Tenement  House  Supervision. 
New  York — First  Class  Cities — Tenement  House  Department. 

*Second  Class  Cities— Health   Officer  and   Building  De- 
partment.    Action  may  be  brought  by  any  taxpayer. 

Pennsylvania — *Bureau  of  Health,  either  by  formal  prosecu- 
tion or  by  correcting  the  defect  and  filing  a  lien  on  the  prop- 
erty, giving  the  contractor,  if  acceptable  to  him,  the  lien  in 
payment  of  his  services,  otherwise,  by  meeting  his  expenses 
and  filing  the  lien  to  be  collected  as  are  taxes.  Any  person 
can  prosecute  but  must  pay  the  cost  if  his  prosecution  has  not 
been  brought  upon  reasonable  grounds. 

Wisconsin — State  Factory  Inspector,  Commissioner  of  Health 
and  Building  Inspector. 


127 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  5O  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 


OVERDUE. 

JUN  6     \ 

{  IP  flcrrx  -r 

cnKBD^ 

JUN  2  7  2000 

ENVI 

HEObi.             J-EN 

VI 

MAY  i  8  ZUUO 

.,.,.., 

MMMi 

LD  21-95m-7,'37 

297523 


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